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Lactation Biology

ОбзорПрограмма курсаЧасто задаваемые вопросыАвторыСтоимостьРейтинги и отзывы

ГлавнаяМедико-биологические наукиНаука о животных и ветеринария

Lactation Biology

Иллинойсский университет в Урбане-Шампейне

Об этом курсе: Lactation and especially milk, which is the product of that unique mammalian process, are routinely encountered within our daily lives. Nevertheless, they often are poorly understood by many, even including many who are engaged in the business of producing milk. The overall course goal is to introduce fundamental concepts that form the basis for understanding the biology of lactation, the biology of the mammary gland, and the products of that important physiological process. As a learner in this course, you will be provided with a series of easily understood presentations that collectively will help you build a foundation for greater understanding of lactation. You will be able to engage with other learners so that you can extend your learning beyond the video presentations. Ultimately, you will be able to construct your own mental model for understanding the wide range of topics that relate to the biology of lactation. Upon completion of the course, you will be prepared to expand your knowledge and understanding of lactation from other sources and experiences as you pursue your individual interests. Before you start the course, I suggest that you identify a question or several questions about lactation that you already have on your mind. This could be from your own experiences, something you read about or saw, or something you have wondered about. Write down your question(s) and use that to help you decide how to engage with the content of this course. You might engage with the modules in the order they are presented, or start with a module that is of particular interest to you, or pick and choose modules in any order. I encourage you to engage in all of the types of learning activities that this course has to offer, including but not limited to, the discussion forums, quizzes, peer-review assignments, and concept maps and other learning aids.

Для кого этот курс: This course is designed for anyone interested in lactation, milk, the mammary gland or related topics. No prior experience is required.


Автор:  Иллинойсский университет в Урбане-Шампейне
Иллинойсский университет в Урбане-Шампейне

  • Dr. Walter Hurley, PhD

    Преподаватели:  Dr. Walter Hurley, PhD, Professor Emeritus

    Department of Animal Sciences
0
УровеньBeginner
Выполнение8 weeks of study; 4–5 hours/week
Язык
English
Как пройти курсЧтобы пройти курс, выполните все оцениваемые задания.
Программа курса
НЕДЕЛЯ 1
Course Orientation
The series of videos and readings provided here are aimed at introducing this course in Lactation Biology. Course organization is described. Requirements for participation in the course are summarized. And, opportunities for learners to engage in the course content, as well as with each other, are indicated.
2 видео, 5 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 2 practice quizzes
  1. Видео: Introduction to Lactation Biology
  2. Reading: Course Syllabus
  3. Видео: Lactation Word Cloud
  4. Reading: About the Discussion Forums
  5. Practice Quiz: Orientation Quiz
  6. Reading: Social Media
  7. Reading: Updating Your Profile
  8. Discussion Prompt: Getting to Know Your Classmates
  9. Practice Quiz: Demographics Survey
  10. Reading: Study Aid Activities Overview
Module 1: Introduction to Lactation Biology
In this module, we will introduce some basic definitions of terms related to the biology of lactation, provide an overview of milk, and briefly introduce the phylogenetic organization and evolution of mammals. Learning the definitions will be important for establishing a baseline vocabulary that will help reduce confusion about topics presented in subsequent videos. Milk, a primary product of the lactation process, will be introduced in an effort to provide a foundation for later modules in which milk and milk composition are explored in greater depth. The series of videos about mammals collectively offer a brief overview of the wide spectrum of these animal species, as well as some thoughts on how lactation came to be an integral part of the reproductive strategy of those species.
8 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 2 practice quizzes
  1. Reading: Module 1 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aids
  3. Видео: Definitions Part 1
  4. Видео: Definitions Part 2
  5. Practice Quiz: Lesson 1-1 Quiz
  6. Видео: An Overview of Milk
  7. Видео: How Much Milk?
  8. Видео: Milk Products
  9. Видео: Mammals
  10. Видео: Mammalian Evolution
  11. Видео: Why Lactate?
  12. Practice Quiz: Lesson 1-3 Quiz
Module 2: Mammary Gland Structure
One of the most fundamental requirements for understanding any aspect of biology is to appreciate the relationships that exist between form and function, or anatomy and physiology. In the case of lactation and the mammary gland, it is important to be able to visualize the various levels of mammary gland structure in order to understand how the mammary gland grows and functions. This module presents an overview of mammary gland anatomy and macrostructure using the dairy cow as our primary example. In addition, the tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels of mammary structure are presented. The module provides a conceptual foundation that will allow you to individually explore mammary gland anatomy and microstructure in other mammalian species.
19 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 4 practice quizzes
  1. Reading: Module 2 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aids
  3. Discussion Prompt: Share Your Concept Map
  4. Видео: Mammary Gland as a Skin Gland
  5. Видео: Mammary Lobes
  6. Видео: Simple vs Complex Glands
  7. Видео: Mammary Anatomy at the Cow Side
  8. Practice Quiz: Lesson 2-1 Quiz
  9. Видео: Mammary Suspensory System
  10. Видео: Median Suspensory Ligament
  11. Видео: Structure of Teats and Cisterns
  12. Видео: Supernumerary Teats
  13. Видео: Mammary Blood System
  14. Видео: Mammary Lymph System
  15. Видео: Mammary Nervous System
  16. Practice Quiz: Lesson 2-2 Quiz
  17. Видео: Introduction to Mammary Microstructure
  18. Видео: Microstructure - 2D and 3D
  19. Видео: Lobules
  20. Видео: More on Lobules
  21. Practice Quiz: Lesson 2-3 Quiz
  22. Видео: Alveoli and Their Environment
  23. Видео: Myoepithelial Cells
  24. Видео: Mammary Cell Ultrastructure Part 1
  25. Видео: Mammary Cell Ultrastructure Part 2
  26. Practice Quiz: Lesson 2-4 Quiz
Оцениваемый: Week 1 Quiz
НЕДЕЛЯ 2
Module 3: Milk Composition
Milk is the product of the lactation process. Such a simple statement does not come close to doing justice to the complex nature of this biological fluid. In this module, we explore the major components of milk, as well as provide a basis for understanding milk as a product that we purchase in a store. Mechanisms of synthesis of milk components are introduced. And, several videos include discussions of the nature of differences in milk composition among mammalian species, including comparisons of cow milk with human milk.
27 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 6 practice quizzes
  1. Reading: Module 3 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aid
  3. Discussion Prompt: Share Your Concept Map
  4. Видео: Milk Components
  5. Видео: Milk Components Demo
  6. Видео: Perspectives on Milk Composition
  7. Видео: Milk Under the Microscope
  8. Видео: Major Milk Fractions
  9. Видео: From Cow to Store
  10. Practice Quiz: Lesson 3-1 Quiz
  11. Видео: Total Solids
  12. Видео: Lactose
  13. Видео: Lactose Intolerance
  14. Видео: Lactose Synthesis
  15. Practice Quiz: Lesson 3-2 Quiz
  16. Видео: Milk Protein
  17. Видео: Casein
  18. Видео: Casein Demo
  19. Видео: Why Proteins
  20. Видео: Milk Protein Synthesis
  21. Practice Quiz: Lesson 3-3 Quiz
  22. Видео: Milk Fat
  23. Видео: Fatty Acids
  24. Видео: Milk Fat - Species Comparisons
  25. Видео: Milk Fat Synthesis
  26. Practice Quiz: Lesson 3-4 Quiz
  27. Видео: Milk Minerals
  28. Видео: Milk Vitamins
  29. Видео: Cells in Milk
  30. Видео: More on Milk Cells
  31. Видео: Milk Bioactive Factors
  32. Practice Quiz: Lesson 3-5 Quiz
  33. Видео: Species Comparisons of Milk
  34. Видео: Cow vs. Human Milk Composition
  35. Видео: Wrapping Up Milk Composition
  36. Practice Quiz: Lesson 3-6 Quiz
Оцениваемый: Week 2 Quiz
НЕДЕЛЯ 3
Module 4: Mammary Gland Development
The tissue that we know of as the mammary gland (or udder or breast) may appear as relatively uncomplicated compared with some internal organs such as the heart or brain. The gland is outside the body wall, has a nipple or teat in most species, and has a series of ducts by which milk that is produced in microscopic blind tubes can be expressed from the gland. How can such a gland develop and what regulates that development? It turns out that the initial stage of development occurs extremely early in the fetal development of the animal. It then proceeds through a series of developmental phases, many of which are closely linked with the reproductive functioning of the animal, and eventually leading to the time when the gland is producing milk. Furthermore, the mammary gland is one of a few tissues that undergoes repeated cycles of development, functioning, regression, and redevelopment, again associated with the reproductive cycles of the animal. This module describes the various stages of mammary development and provides the framework for understanding how these stages relate to each other, as well as to the functionality of the gland.
11 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 3 practice quizzes
  1. Reading: Module 4 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aid
  3. Discussion Prompt: Share Your Concept Map
  4. Discussion Prompt: Discussion 1: Compare biological milk vs plant-based milk
  5. Discussion Prompt: Discussion 2: Discuss the value of milk
  6. Видео: Fetal Stage - 1
  7. Видео: Fetal Stage - 2
  8. Видео: Fetal Stage - 3
  9. Practice Quiz: Lesson 4-1 Quiz
  10. Видео: Prepubertal Stage - 1
  11. Видео: Prepubertal Stage - 2
  12. Видео: Postpubertal Stage
  13. Practice Quiz: Lesson 4-2 Quiz
  14. Видео: Development During Pregnancy - 1
  15. Видео: Development During Pregnancy - 2
  16. Видео: Development During Pregnancy - 3
  17. Видео: Lactation
  18. Practice Quiz: Lesson 4-3 Quiz
  19. Видео: Bovine Mammary Development
Оцениваемый: Week 3 Quiz
НЕДЕЛЯ 4
Module 5: Mother & Neonate
The peripartum period, the time shortly before, during, and after giving birth, is a time of rapid changes in the mammary gland, the mother, and the neonate. Extensive physiological coordination occurs between the processes leading up to and giving birth, the formation of colostrum, the initiation of lactation in the mammary gland, and the subsequent removal of milk by the neonate. In this module, we explore how the mammary gland changes around the time of giving birth when the gland transitions from a non-lactating to a lactating state. Part of this transition is the production of colostrum, the first mammary secretion produced by the gland after giving birth. Another part of the transition is the changing regulation of mammary gland function from one being driven primarily by hormones associated with pregnancy and parturition to one where milk removal, by the neonate or milking machine, is the driving force in gland function after birth. In this module, we examine some basic characteristics of the neonate, how lactation is initiated (lactogenesis), and the formation and special components of colostrum (immunoglobulins) and their impact on the neonate.
17 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 5 practice quizzes
  1. Reading: Module 5 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aid
  3. Discussion Prompt: Share Your Concept Map
  4. Видео: Peripartum Period
  5. Видео: A Cow Calving
  6. Видео: The Neonate
  7. Practice Quiz: Lesson 5-1 Quiz
  8. Видео: Lactogenesis & Its Stages
  9. Видео: Secretory Differentiation
  10. Видео: Secretory Activation & Lactose Synthesis
  11. Видео: Hormonal Regulation
  12. Видео: Comparative Hormonal Regulation
  13. Practice Quiz: Lesson 5-2 Quiz
  14. Видео: Prolactin - Sources
  15. Видео: Prolactin - Control of Secretion
  16. Видео: Prolactin - Other Regulation
  17. Practice Quiz: Lesson 5-3 Quiz
  18. Видео: Colostrum Composition
  19. Видео: Immunoglobulins in Colostrum
  20. Видео: Colostrum & the Neonate
  21. Practice Quiz: Lesson 5-4 Quiz
  22. Видео: Immunoglobulin Receptor
  23. Видео: Mammary Transport of Immunoglobulin
  24. Видео: Immunoglobulin Transport to the Neonate
  25. Practice Quiz: Lesson 5-5 Quiz
Оцениваемый: Week 4 Quiz
Оцениваемый: Share a Milking Example
НЕДЕЛЯ 5
Module 6: Lactation
In this module, we explore the many facets of lactation as a complex physiological process. We will find that removal of the milk in the gland is critical to continued production of that fluid. The interactions between milk removal, the systemic factors stimulating the gland to produce milk, such as several hormones, and the local factors that inhibit further milk secretion are examined. Some of the effects of milk removal, as well as the absence of milk removal, are discussed in this series of videos. The responses of the mammary gland to milk removal provide a means of understanding the impact of management practices on lactation.
27 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 4 practice quizzes
  1. Reading: Module 6 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aid
  3. Discussion Prompt: Share Your Concept Map
  4. Discussion Prompt: Discussion: Cross-species nursing
  5. Видео: Introduction & Definitions
  6. Видео: Systemic vs Local Regulation
  7. Видео: Galactogogues
  8. Видео: Prolactin
  9. Видео: Measurement of Milk Production
  10. Practice Quiz: Lesson 6-1 Quiz
  11. Видео: Prolactin - Nonruminants
  12. Видео: Prolactin - Ruminants 1
  13. Видео: Prolactin - Ruminants 2
  14. Видео: Growth Hormone - Cows
  15. Видео: Growth Hormone - Rats
  16. Видео: Other Hormones
  17. Practice Quiz: Lesson 6-2 Quiz
  18. Видео: Feedback Inhibition of Milk Secretion
  19. Видео: Frequency of Milk Removal
  20. Видео: Cisternal vs Alveolar Milk Pools
  21. Видео: Frequency of Milk Removal - Cows
  22. Видео: Determinants of Milk Yield
  23. Видео: Intensity of Milk Removal
  24. Practice Quiz: Lesson 6-3 Quiz
  25. Видео: Milk Stasis
  26. Видео: Mammary Secretions During Involution
  27. Видео: Mammary Tissue During Involution
  28. Видео: Dry Period
  29. Видео: Persistency & Relactation
  30. Видео: Mammary Involution - Sows
  31. Practice Quiz: Lesson 6-4 Quiz
  32. Видео: Compensatory Milk Production
  33. Видео: Lactational History - Cows
  34. Видео: Lactational History - Sows
  35. Видео: Lactational History - Rats
Оцениваемый: Week 5 Quiz
НЕДЕЛЯ 6
Module 7: Milk Ejection
This module introduces the physiological process known as the milk ejection reflex. The neural and endocrine pathways of this process are discussed, as is a broad overview of the hormone responsible for milk ejection, oxytocin. In addition, the consequences of ineffective milk ejection and ways that have been tried to manipulate the milk ejection process are presented.
15 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 3 practice quizzes
  1. Reading: Module 7 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aid
  3. Discussion Prompt: Share Your Concept Map
  4. Видео: Introduction
  5. Видео: Neuroendocrine Reflex
  6. Видео: Timing of Milk Ejection
  7. Видео: Rise in Intramammary Pressure
  8. Видео: Mammary Structure Changes During Ejection
  9. Видео: Microstucture of Milk Ejection
  10. Practice Quiz: Lesson 7-1 Quiz
  11. Видео: Oxytocin
  12. Видео: Sources of Oxytocin
  13. Видео: Other Functions of Oxytocin
  14. Practice Quiz: Lesson 7-2 Quiz
  15. Видео: Residual Milk
  16. Видео: Disturbed Milk Flow
  17. Видео: Manipulation of Milk Ejection
  18. Видео: Inhibition of Milk Ejection
  19. Видео: Species Comparisons
  20. Practice Quiz: Lesson 7-3 Quiz
  21. Видео: Milk Ejection Demo - Optional
Module 8: Atypical Lactation
We typically assume that development of the mammary gland and production of milk are closely regulated by and are coordinated with the reproductive functioning of the animal. Most often that is true. From the knowledge gained from other modules in this course, it is clear that mammary gland development and lactogenesis are heavily regulated by hormones. As it turns out, the presence of mammary gland-regulating hormones is not always directly associated with the reproductive status of the animal. If the hormone activity is present, regardless of its source, it may impact mammary gland development and function. The series of videos in this module presents an overview of what we are calling atypical lactation. That is when the mammary gland undergoes development and lactation in the absence of the usual physiological cues that we associate with the process, such as an animal giving birth.
7 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 1 practice quiz
  1. Reading: Module 8 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aid
  3. Discussion Prompt: Share Your Concept Map
  4. Видео: Induced Lactation
  5. Видео: Estrogen
  6. Видео: Phytoestrogen
  7. Видео: Zearalenone
  8. Видео: Elevated Prolactin
  9. Видео: Relactation, Allosucking, Communal Nursing
  10. Видео: Lactation in Males
  11. Practice Quiz: Lesson 8-1 Quiz
Оцениваемый: Week 6 Quiz
Оцениваемый: Phenomenon Related to Lactation
НЕДЕЛЯ 7
Module 9: Mastitis
The mammary gland is an excretory gland, meaning that it produces a fluid that is secreted to the outside of the body. These secretions leave the gland through a series of ducts that eventually open to the outside of the skin. The presence of these openings not only means that the mammary secretion can leave the gland, it also means that microorganisms can enter the gland. When that happens, the gland may become infected and present as a disease known as mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, the inflammation most commonly being caused by an infection by a pathogen. Mastitis is the most costly disease in dairy cattle, but is also prevalent in other species, including our own. We will examine many of the aspects of how this disease is manifested using the dairy cow as our primary example in this module. We will examine mastitis at the level of an individual cow, as well as at the whole herd level. And then to fully integrate and apply the knowledge gained about this disease, we will examine several real-life cases of herd-level mastitis problems faced by dairy producers.
19 видео, 3 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 4 practice quizzes
  1. Reading: Module 9 Overview
  2. Reading: Optional: Study Aid
  3. Discussion Prompt: Share Your Concept Map
  4. Видео: Mastitis Defined
  5. Видео: Milk Components
  6. Видео: Host-Agent-Environment
  7. Видео: First Line of Defense
  8. Видео: Inflammatory Response
  9. Practice Quiz: Lesson 9-1 Quiz
  10. Видео: Detection
  11. Видео: Treatment & Control
  12. Видео: Prevention
  13. Practice Quiz: Lesson 9-2 Quiz
  14. Видео: Mastitis Syndromes
  15. Видео: Mastitis Types
  16. Видео: Contagious Pathogens
  17. Видео: Environmental Pathogens
  18. Видео: Other Pathogens
  19. Practice Quiz: Lesson 9-3 Quiz
  20. Видео: Mastitis at a Herd-Level
  21. Видео: Contagious vs Environmental
  22. Видео: Milking Procedure
  23. Practice Quiz: Lesson 9-4 Quiz
  24. Видео: Mastitis Example Case 1
  25. Видео: Mastitis Example Case 2
  26. Видео: Mastitis Example Case 3
  27. Reading: Mastitis Cases Answers
Оцениваемый: Week 7 Quiz
Оцениваемый: Mastitis Cases
НЕДЕЛЯ 8
Module 10: Comparative Lactation
In this module, we provide a series of videos that expands what has already been learned in other modules about the basic principles of lactation biology to a range of mammalian species. These videos focus on these animals in their native state, as well as some that have been domesticated for use as dairy animals and domestic livestock. This module is optional.
21 видео, 2 материалов для самостоятельного изучения, 1 practice quiz
  1. Reading: Module 10 Overview
  2. Видео: Swine Lactation: Introduction
  3. Видео: Swine Lactation: Mammary Anatomy & Development
  4. Видео: Swine Lactation: Milk Composition
  5. Видео: Swine Lactation: Lactogenesis & Early Lactation
  6. Видео: Swine Lactation: Milk Production
  7. Видео: Swine Lactation: Milk Removal & Sucking Intensity
  8. Видео: Swine Lactation: Milk Ejection
  9. Видео: Swine Lactation: Mammary Involution
  10. Видео: Swine Lactation: Prolactin & Lactation
  11. Видео: Swine Lactation: Lactational History
  12. Видео: Swine Lactation: Mastitis 1
  13. Видео: Swine Lactation: Mastitis 2
  14. Видео: Swine Lactation: Mastitis 3
  15. Видео: Elephant Lactation 1
  16. Видео: Elephant Lactation 2
  17. Видео: Dairy Goats: Farm Introduction
  18. Видео: Dairy Goats: The Kids
  19. Видео: Dairy Goats: The Does
  20. Видео: Dairy Goats: Milking Parlor and Procedures
  21. Видео: Dairy Goats: Cheese Introduction
  22. Видео: Dairy Goats: Making Cheese
  23. Reading: Solutions to Crossword Puzzles
  24. Practice Quiz: End of Course Survey

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Иллинойсский университет в Урбане-Шампейне
The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a world leader in research, teaching and public engagement, distinguished by the breadth of its programs, broad academic excellence, and internationally renowned faculty and alumni. Illinois serves the world by creating knowledge, preparing students for lives of impact, and finding solutions to critical societal needs.
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