We are so pleased to have you join us as we investigate this crucial topic. Violence is a leading cause of death, disability and health care use worldwide. Violence is a complex problem and can only be understood and reduced though a multidisciplinary approach. This course introduces you to experts who study different forms of violence and we will discuss the various causes of violence. You will also learn about efforts to reduce violence and engage in a day of compassion. We are very fortunate that PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER is participating in our course. He delivers a lecture on the efforts of the Carter Center to end violence around the world, and he engages in a discussion with us about his life and work in human rights. Do join us for short videos, readings and discussions. And also see our coffee chats, where we (Pamela and Deb) summarize and reflect on each module. And we want to hear from you! Feel free to reach out via Twitter or through the course, or through our Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/groups/understandingviolence01/.
Global Perspectives & Statistics
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Из курса от партнера Emory University
Understanding Violence
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Overview of Violence
We begin the course by defining violence and discussing why violence can be difficult to identify and measure. We will review the rates of violence in the U.S. and globally.
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Deb Houry, MD, MPHAssociate Professor
Emergency Medicine
Pamela Scully, Ph.D.Professor
Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, and African Studies
Hello, my name is Kathryn Yount, and I'm on faculty in the departments of
Global Health and Sociology at Emory, and I've been doing research on violence,
primarily against women and children, over the past 20 years.
I'm delighted to be with you today, and I'll be covering four main topics.
First, we'll talk a little bit about the global scale of intimate partner violence.
Second, the global scale of attitudes that are accepting of
physical partner violence against women.
Third, the global scale of non-partner sexual violence.
And finally, global trends and
laws criminalizing partner violence against women.
There's some very recent estimates that have become available.
Regarding the percentage of ever partnered women experiencing physical and or
sexual partner violence.
These estimates are based on the best available data that we
have from nationally representative samples and others.
And as you can see from the slide, levels of partner violence against women,
either physical or sexual, are extremely high, globally.
We have countries on the left hand side, and as you can see, globally in 2010,
roughly 30% of women ages 15 years or
older have experienced physical and or sexual partner violence in their lifetime.
I will underscore that most of the estimates I'll be talking about
today are probably some degree of underestimate of
the levels of violence experienced by women around the world.
So roughly one third of women having experienced partner violence of
either a physical or sexual nature over their lifetime.
There've been a number of surveys around the world that have
also looked at attitudes about violence against women.
Interestingly, asking men about their attitudes about violence against women,
and women themselves about their attitudes about violence against women.
And the slide that you see here, shows the percentage of women
who argue that a husband is justified in hitting or
beating his wife if she refuses to have sex with him.
These are women 15 to 49 in countries around the world,
primarily lower income countries.
And as you can see, the percentages above the red line indicate that fully 30%
of women or more, in 7 of 29 surveys argue that physical violence
against a woman for refusing sex with their husband is, in fact, justified.
And one of the oddities that we actually see in surveys around the world.
Particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, is women themselves sometimes more often will
justify violence against women, more often than will men.
And we're trying to understand the reasons for that, and
we believe that in settings where the opportunities for women are fairly low.
And levels of violence are fairly high,
that women may actually report what they perceive the community norm to be.
Rather than their own personal points of view, for reasons of safety or
for reasons of fear of the consequences if they make their own attitudes known.
And people believe that may be possible that men understand quite well.
The kinds of attitudes that should be reported and so
may in fact underestimate their favorable attitudes about violence against women.
So we're really trying to understand attitudes around the world better, but
suffice it to say,
there are a large number of countries around the world, where violence and
particularly physical violence against women is still considered justifiable.
In the next slide, we see the prevalence in non-partner sexual violence,
so this would be sexual violence that occurs by teachers,
by strangers, by anyone who is not an intimate partner of a woman.
And these estimates just recently became vail, available from data collected again
around the world both in resource-poor and resource-wealthy countries.
And the best estimates that we have of non-partner sexual violence globally
are that approximately 7.2% of women report that they have
experienced some form of non-partner sexual violence.
There is some uncertainty about these estimates.
And so we believe that, the margin of error for
the estimates are approximately 5.3 to 9.1%.
And these estimates have been generated for different regions of the world and
I've just noted a couple of regions marking the lower bound and
upper bound for these estimates.
The lower bound, purportedly, is in the area of South Asia where 3.3%
of women have reported some form of non-partner sexual violence.
And the upper bound, purportedly sub-Saharan Africa and
the Central Region, where 21% of women have reported non-partner sexual violence.
I do want to caution about ranking regions around the world.
Because questions about non-partner sexual violence, have different sensitivities and
different context.
And there may be quite a bit of variation in levels of underreporting.
And so the authors of this particular paper have suggested that
the estimates are probably subject to some form of differential underreporting.
But nonetheless, the main point is that levels of non-partner sexual
violence are very high, unacceptably high on human rights grounds around the world.
And that we need more effort invested into trying to get a handle on
probably what are higher magnitudes of
non-partner sexual violence in regions around the world.
Now I'd like to talk a little bit about changes in policies and laws around
the world with respect to various forms of violence against women and children.
And, what we see is that over the last 50 or
so years there have been really remarkable changes in policy.
For example.
What we know about laws and policies with regards to rape and
child sexual abuse worldwide, between 1945 and
2005, primarily there have been an expansion in scope of reform.
Providing stipulations for protection, or
criminaliz, criminalization of rape and child sexual abuse.
And there have been rel,
there's been relatively less contraction in terms of coverage of those policies.
And so we are seeing dramatic change in the policy arena.
With respect to rape and child sexual abuse.
We're also seeing dramatic change in terms of
the number of policies around the world that address intimate partner violence.
Perhaps more recent, and so for example from 1975 to 2010.
The number of policies addressing intimate partner violence,
in some capacity, primarily against women, has increased to over 250.
And so we are seeing, in response to the increasing availability of data,
suggesting very high and in fact endemic levels of violence against women.
Efforts to try to criminalize various forms of violence against women and
children, and to provide varying degrees of protection for women around the world.
In addition to changes in policy, interestingly, we're always,
also seeing changes in attitudes, and so I had mentioned earlier.
That a fairly high percentage of women find reasons to
justify violence against women.
Well you act, if you actually look at surveys over time,
we are seeing an increasing percentage of women who are actually rejecting
all reasons to justify various forms of violence against women.
And there are scholars who would argue that there has
been essentially a global sea change.
That diffusion of global cultural scripts about women's rights,
about gender equality.
And the ills of violence against women, has been an important macro level factor.
That's influenced national policy makers as well as people at the grassroots level.
And, so, although we're seeing very high levels of various forms of
violence against women, we are also seeing substantial policy change,
as well as increasing change in the attitudes of laypeople on the ground.
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