3.2 Financial Statements (2)

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From the course by Yonsei University

Valuation for Startups Using Multiple Approach

31 оценки

Yonsei University

Valuation for Startups Using Multiple Approach

31 оценки

Course 2 of 5 in the Specialization Valuation and Financial Analysis For Startups

In addition to discounted cash flow method, multiple method is one of the most popular methods of firm valuation. PER is often used among financial professionals to make a quick-and-dirty estimate of a firm value. In this course, you are going to learn the concept and usage of PER, PBR and PSR. In addition to these basic multiple ratios, you are going to learn how to make an estimate of enterprise value and founder’s ownership before and after additional funding. Startups require a number of financings before IPO. After taking this course, you are going to be able to answer questions such as What the price per share should be given the startup’s estimate of earnings in the future; How many shares the founder should give up to raise additional capital; and so on? In the discounted cash flow method and multiple method, you are always given earnings or cash flows to make estimate of firm value. In this course, you are also going to learn how to generate cash flows or earnings from the financial statements. After taking this course, you will be able to understand the meaning of financial statements such as balance sheet, income statement and cash flow calculation.

From the lesson

Financial Statements

Financial statements summarize information about a firm. In order to evaluate and diagnose performance for your startup, your first step is to assess the company’s current condition and interpret financial statements. Thus, through this module, you will briefly learn main financial statements: balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.

3.1 Financial Statements (1)9:14

3.2 Financial Statements (2)6:27

3.3 Cash Flow Calculation5:25

Meet the Instructors

Hyun Han Shin
Professor
School of Business

Last class we learned the balance sheet.

In this class we are going to learn the income statement.

The income statement measures performance over some period of time,

usually a quarter or a year.

As you can see in this simplified income statement for SamSung Electronics,

the first thing reported on the income statement is revenue and

expenses from the firm's principal operations.

SamSung Electronics has a revenue of about 200 trillion Korean Won in 2015.

And its cost of goods sold is about 105 trillion Korean Won.

Selling, general, and

administrative expenses is about 48.5 trillion Korean Won.

And depreciation is about 20.9 trillion Korean Won.

As you already learned, depreciation is not an actual cash expenses.

Instead it is an account expenses.

That is, SamSung made capital expenditures in the past, but

it was not considered as expenses at the time of the investment.

However, fixed assets are soon to be depreciated every year and

part of the capital expenditures are considered as expenses every year.

And it is called depreciation.

When cost of goods sold, SG and A expenses and depreciation

are subtracted from sales, we get earnings before interest and taxes.

We call it EBIT for short.

The last item is net income.

And it is what available for shareholders after paying interest and taxes from EBIT.

SamSung dividend payout ratio is about 16%, and

its dividend amount is 21,000 Korean Won per share.

Suppose a firm had 200 million shares outstanding at the end of 2015 and

its net income was $400 million for the year.

What was earnings per share?

Earning per share or EPS for short is $400 million divided by 200 million shares.

So $2 per share.

If its total dividend amount was $100 million, what was dividend per share?

Dividend per share or DPS for short is $100 million divided

by 200 million shares, so $0.50 per share.

Dividend payout ratio is dividend amount divided by earnings amount,

so $0.50 divided by $2 per share is 25%.

That is, the company pays 25% of its earnings to shareholders,

and reinvests 75% of its earnings in the firm.

In the previous example,

we learned that depreciation is not an actual cash expense.

Because of this kind of non-cash item,

accounting income is different from cash flow.

Suppose Yonsei Corporation purchased a machine for $700, and

it is depreciated over a seven year period using straight line method.

Then the depreciation is $700 divided by seven years is $100 per year.

Then $100 will be deducted each year as an expense.

However, it is important to note that this $100 deduction is not cash.

It is an accounting number.

The actual cash outflow occurred when the asset was purchased.

In reality, the difference between cash flow and

accounting income can be pretty dramatic.

For example, consider the case of SamSung Electronics.

For the year ended December 31st 2015,

Samsung reported a net income of about 18 trillion Korean Won.

But its operating cash flow was about 40 trillion Korean Won.

The difference is about 22 trillion Korean Won.

Next, let's talk about taxes.

Corporate tax is one of the largest cash outflows.

For example, tax rate is 35% for Japan,

48% for U.S. and 33% for France.

For some countries tax rate is quite lower than others, for

example tax rate is 17% for Singapore and 20% for Thailand.

Such low tax rates make it attractive for

foreign companies to set up businesses in those countries.

When you make financial decisions it is important to distinguish

between average and marginal tax rates.

Your average tax rate is your tax bill divided by your taxable income.

In other words, it is the percentage of your income that goes to pay taxes.

Your marginal tax rate is the rate of the extra tax you'd to

pay if you earned $1 more.

The difference between average and

marginal tax rates can best be illustrated with a simple example.

Suppose a firm has a taxable income of $200,000.

What is the tax bill?

Suppose our tax table is what's shown in the slide.

We can figure out tax bill as the following.

The total tax is thus $61,250.

In this example, the average tax rate is 61,250

divided by 200,000 is 30.625%.

The marginal tax rate is the tax on the last dollar of income, so it would be 39%.

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