[MUSIC] Welcome to Understanding China, 1700-2000, A Data Analytic Approach Part Two, section 19, Kin Influence Across East Asian Family Systems. So we know that between societies, effects of kin differ and the family systems differ. While we tend to assume there is a connection between these two kinds of differences, based on existing evidence, we actually know little about how exactly and how systematically these two kinds of differences are connected. The EAP, the Eurasian Population and Family History project, exemplifies the best recent comparative efforts to connect the macro context to micro family and individual behavior. However, those Eurasian societies were inherently different. In terms of not only the family systems, but also the familial values, local contexts and many other ways. As a result, while the Eurasian comparisons help identify many important similarities across family systems. However, they help little in making sense of any observed differences between those societies. East Asian populations, in that regard, provide unique opportunities to advance our comparative knowledge of family systems and their influence on individual outcomes. Because those East Asian societies, they not only share the Confucian familial values, they also have comparable patriarchal institutions, and they have very similar household registration system that provide us empirical data to compare. And also at the same, they differ in family structure and domestic cycles that provide us some comprehensible and comparable variation. So in this lecture, we use reproduction as an outcome to show you an example, like how these family influences could vary across a different East Asian family systems. So we take advantage of those newly available historical population panel data from northeast China, northeast Japan, southeast Korea and north Taiwan as what we have introduced in the previous lecture. So we generally find that between family difference can account for one tenth to one quarter of the total difference between individual reproduction. In other words, one tenth to one quarter of the difference between individual reproductive success is due to the fact that they come from different families. However, we find actually the complexity of family does not directly predict the strength of family influence. Based on this figure we can see that from the left we have the relatively complex family system families that are from North Eastern Chinese populations. In the middle, we have the families from Taiwan and from southeast Korea. And on the right, we have the relatively simpler family system populations that is from Japan. In general, we can find there is no linear or binary kind of relationship between this complexity of family systems and the threshold of the family influence. So how about the facts of specific rather criterion and specific family characteristics. According to this table, that summarizes our estimations based on this big data sample, we find that compared with those to only live with mother having both co-resident parents almost always promotes the reproduction. And having co-resident married brothers and/or having even more brothers in the household actually have a negative impact on reproduction. And the coming from a joint family is kind of beneficial to reproduction as indicated by the variable at the bottom of the table that is joint family origin. And most interestingly, in Chinese and the Korean population that have relatively complex family systems We find that the hindering effects of sibling competition and the beneficial effects of joint family always appear in pair. While actually the Japan is no exception because under the Japanese stem-family system, none of those factors have an effect. And we can notice that the pattern estimated from the Korean data is a little special, but we should read this result with caution considering the relatively low quality of Korean data due to our many [INAUDIBLE] registers. So in general, we find that under broad similarities between these East Asian societies, conditioned by different family systems, the specific family influence actually could be very different. And our findings about the patterns of family influence are intriguing because there are often counter-balancing effects of factors regarding different aspects of family life. For example, we find, on one hand, the magnitude effects of sibling competition. But on the other hand, we find the beneficial effects of drawing a complex family system. So family is already a very complex and dynamic system in which factors impact with each other and how it effects. And different family systems at a societal level also provide many conditions for such kinds differences. With such heterogeneous dynamics being said, our populations under comparison however managed to reach similar balance in their own ways. This again confirms the importance to have a comprehensive understanding about the interaction between context, kin, individuals and the families to answer the question who we are. [MUSIC]