This course will transition you from working on a single computer to a whole fleet. Systems administration is the field of IT that’s responsible for maintaining reliable computers systems in a multi-user environment. In this course, you’ll learn about the infrastructure services that keep all organizations, big and small, up and running. You’ll learn how to manage and configure servers, how to use industry tools to manage computers, user information, and user productivity. Finally, you’ll learn how to recover your organization’s IT infrastructure in the event of a disaster. By the end of this course you’ll be able to: - utilize best practices for choosing hardware, vendors, and services for your organization. - understand how the most common infrastructure services that keep an organization running work and how to manage infrastructure servers. - manage an organization’s computers and users using the directory services, Active Directory, and OpenLDAP. - choose and manage the tools that your organization will use. - backup your organization’s data and be able to recover your IT infrastructure in the case of a disaster. - utilize systems administration knowledge to plan improve processes for IT environments. Except as otherwise noted, the contents on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Group Policy Creation and Editing
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System Administration and IT Infrastructure Services
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Directory Services
In the fourth week of this course, we'll learn about directory services. Specifically, we'll cover how two of the most popular directory services, Active Directory and OpenLDAP, work in action. We'll explore the concept of centralized management and how this can help SysAdmins maintain and support all the different parts of an IT infrastructure. By the end of this module, you will know how to add users, passwords, and use group policies in Active Directory and OpenLDAP.
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The most important tool we'll use for creating and viewing group policy object
is called the group policy management console or GPMC.
You can find this in the tools menu of server manager or by
running GPMC.MSE from the command line.
You can see that the layer of GPMC is
similar to other management tools that we've used in Active Directory.
On the left, we see the structure of Active Directory.
GPMC adds several containers to it's GUI.
These aren't AD containers we all use.
There are management interfaces that only show up in GPMC.
The group policy objects container will
hold all of the GPOs that are defined in the domain.
The WMI Filters container is used to define powerful targeting rules for your GPOs.
These filters use properties of Windows Management Instrumentation or
WMI objects to decide whether or not a GPO should apply to a specific computer.
This is a more advanced topic,
but if you want to dive a little deeper,
check out the link in the supplemental reading.
Group policy result is a troubleshooting tool that's used to figure
out what group policies apply to computer and user in your network.
You would use this tool to check on
group policies that are already applied to a computer or user.
On the flip side, group policy modeling is used to predict
which group policies will apply to a computer or user in your network.
You use this tool if you wanted to test a change to your GPOs or
use or WMI Filters before making real changes in your Active Directory.
We'll go into each of these in detail as the lesson goes on.
You might have also noticed that there are a couple of things missing.
Remember that the users and computer containers are not organizational units.
Group policy objects can only be linked to domain, sites, and OUs.
If computer and user objects are in the default containers they can
only be targeted with GPOs that are linked to domains and sites.
It's a good practice to organize your user and computer accounts in
OUs so they can be targeted with a more specific group policies.
Now, let's get started with group policy objects note in
GPMC and take a quick look at a GPO that already exist.
In a brand new Active Directory domain,
they'll be two GPOs that are automatically created: the
default domain controller policy and the default domain policy.
The default domain policy is,
as you might guess, a default GPO that is linked to the domain.
It applies to all of the computers and users in the domain.
The default domain control policy is linked to the domain control's OU and applies,
you guessed it, to the domain controllers.
What we're looking at here is a settings report for the default domain policy.
This GPO is designed to enforce
policy decisions that we want to make for the entire domain.
For example, the minimum password length policy
prevents users from setting passwords that are too short.
The audit account log on events policy says that the computer should create
a Windows event for each successful and failed log on attempt.
There are thousands of settings that can be controlled with GPO,
so it can take some research to find the right setting to change
in a group policy object to make a change that you want.
Group policy has been around through several versions of Windows,
and sometimes things aren't exactly where you'd expect to find them.
Don't despair.
There are lots of documentation online about
group policies and where to find specific settings.
Pro tip, something that you might find super useful are
the group policy settings reference that Microsoft
releases with each new version of Windows.
This reference is a spreadsheet that details
the GPO policies and preferences that are available and where to find them.
Next, let's try changing one of the settings in our default domain policy.
Before we get started,
I'm going to make a backup of the GPO.
I'll right-click on the policy and choose backup.
I've created GPO backup for my desktop,
but in a real variant,
we'd want to create a network for this lock down to
only allow domain administrators to access it.
I can add a description here too to help me remember why I made the backup.
Then I complete the backup wizard and I'm done.
Now, I know that if I make a mistake,
I can restore the policy from backup.
So I'll right-click on the policy again but this time, I'm choosing edit.
This will open up the default domain policy into the group policy management editor.
You can see over in the left-hand pane that the GPO is divided into
two sections: computer configuration and user configuration.
Each of these is divided into policies and preferences.
Inside this tree of policies and preferences,
as every individual GPO setting that GPMC knows about,
whether it's been configured or not,
every GPO has accessed the same settings that every other GPO has access to.
There aren't special GPOs.
Even so, it's a good practice to make different GPOs
that each address a specific category of need.
For example, you might have a GPO that handles all of the settings for
a specific group of users or one that handles security policies for the whole domain.
With specific GPOs for specific solutions,
you can link your GPOs to only the computer or users that need that policy.
Since you're working with the entire universe of group policy in every GPO,
it can be very difficult to tell from the editor
what settings are actually configured in this GPO.
Refer back to the settings report in the GPMC for that information.
It looks different, but you might notice that the settings report
is laid out in the same hierarchical fashion as the GPO editor.
I can see that the account lockout threshold is configured to zero,
invalid log on times.
Let's take a look at that policy in the GPO editor.
I'm going to use a settings report as a road map to finding that policy in the editor.
So let me show you how.
I'm going to go ahead and right-click,
Default Domain Policy, hit edit.
And I will have this to the side so I can look at our road map.
So as you can see, computer configurations,
so I click computer configuration, then click policies,
click Windows settings, want to click security settings,
and then account policies because we're interested in the lockout policy.
You can see that there are three policies under account lockout policy.
The policy column tells us the name of the policy and
the policy setting tells us the current configuration of the policy.
If a policy is not defined,
then this GPO won't make any changes to that setting on the computers that it's apply to.
The policy name is pretty easy to understand,
but I'm not sure that I understand all of the consequences of changing those values.
If I double-click on any of these policies,
it will open up the properties dialog for that policy.
Oh, what's this?
There's an explain tab here.
Awesome. The explain tab will tell us what the policy configures.
It may also tell us what to expect if the policy is not defined and
what the default value of the policy is if it's enabled but not customized.
So looking at the explanation of the account lockout threshold policy,
I see that by having it set to zero,
accounts will never be disabled for failed log-in attempts.
That's not what I want in my domain,
so I'm going to change this value. Oh, interesting.
It looks like this policy has some dependencies on other policies.
Okay. I'm going to accept these defaults, and now,
I'll see that all three of these policies in
the account lockout policy have been configured.
So how do we save these changes?
As soon as you hit apply or OK in a group policy management editor dialog,
the changes made in the GPO immediately.
Almost right away, computers can receive the update and start applying it.
That might not be what you wanted.
When you need to make changes to a production group policy,
you should test them first.
For example, I was playing around with
the default domain policy which is linked to the whole domain.
So I just immediately made it so
all user accounts will be locked if they enter their password incorrectly once.
Whoops. Where's the undo button? Guess what?
There isn't one. Don't worry.
This is why we made a backup before starting to work on this policy.
Let's restore the policy from backup and undo this catastrophe waiting to happen.
Back in the group policy management console,
I'm going to right-click on default domain policy in
the group policy objects and then select restore from backup.
This wizard remembers the last place that I backed up a GPO,
and it seems that's where I want to restore from. So intuitive.
Now, it lists each of the GPO backups that are in the folder that we choose.
The name of the policy and the time that it was backed up are listed here,
along with any descriptions that we provided when we did the backup.
If I click on view settings,
it would launch my web browser with the settings report of the backup. Cool, right?
Okay. I need to get this policy
restored so my users don't get locked out of their accounts.
The summary dialog shows me what I'm about to do, so let's go there.
This all looks right.
So I'm going to click finish and make sure that my policy has been restored.
Perfect. My backup has been restored,
and my mistake has been undone.
As you've seen in this example,
before making changes to a GPO,
you should always back it up,
but what's another way I could have prevented this mistake?
That's right.
I could have tested my changes.
There are lots of ways to do this.
I'll summarize some simple steps here and provide
additional documentation in the supplemental reading.
Some organizations will have established
best practices for testing GPO changes in their environment.
If that's the case, then you should follow those standards.
You might need to follow a change management process too in order to
notify others in the organization about the changes that you were about to make.
What I'm going to show you is just one way of adding some safety to GPO changes.
Let's say, I have a GPO code example policy.
Good name, right?
I want to make changes to example policy,
but I want to test the changes first to make sure that I don't break production machines.
First, I set up a testing OU that contains test machines or user accounts.
If example policy is usually linked at example.com, finance,
then computers, then I can create example.com,
finance, computers, test, and put testing machines in the test OU.
This lets the test machines keep all of
the existing production GPOs but gives me
a place to link a test GPO that'll overwrite production.
Let me go and show you how I do that.
So I click example,
click new, click OU,
and type in finance and click OK.
Thinker another OU from my computers,
and then underneath that,
I'm going to go ahead and make a test OU so I can test my GPO,
hit OK. Next, I make
a copy of the GPO that I want to change and call it something like test example policy.
Let me show you how I do that.
So this is one policy that I have.
I'm going to hit copy, go to my group policy objects, hit paste.
Now, it say, "Use the default permission for the
GPOs," because we want to make a copy, of course,
and hit OK. As you can see,
its called 'copy of master'.
I'm going to rename this to
test example policy, enter.
Now, I can make the changes that I want to test
in test example policy and link it to my test OU,
and let me show you how I linked that.
I'm going to go into my OU finance,
computers, and then test, right-click test.
And now, it'll say, "Link an existing GPO,"
which is going to be my test example policy right here
and then hit OK. After I confirmed that my changes work the way that I expected,
I can make a backup of the test policy then import
the backup of test example policy to the production example policy.
This makes some extra work for me since I'm a systems administrator,
but I also benefit from added safety and peace of mind.
By testing my changes on a copy of the GPO on test machines,
I make it much harder to accidentally break production with machines.
Your organization might be using advanced group policy management or AGPM,
which is a set of add-on tools from Microsoft that give you some
added provision control abilities in GPMC.
If you do use AGPM in your organization,
you should follow best practices for GPO version control using AGPM.
I've included a link to those best practices in the next reading.
We've edited the GPO and seen some ways to make editing GPO safe.
Now, we need to know a bit more about how to understand
all of the policies that are applied to a specific machine or user account.
Next up, GPO inheritance and precedence. I'll see you there.
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