Do we truly think that we have lived for ourselves? Perhaps we have lived for money, love, fame, family and pride etc.? Therefore, we don’t seem to be satisfied even though we are full of those things. It is because that we don’t know ourselves. Eric Fromm talked about human nature as two modes of being: “To Have” and “To Be”. If we are “Having” the nature of possessions, we are not satisfied, and feel empty and futile. Then, how can we be “Being” the nature of our inner-selves? Sometimes, we happened to be aware of this “Being” nature and try to change ourselves, but fail. But, because of our daily routines, it’s easily forgotten. And more it is hard to escape from our unwanted minds controlling us. From now on, let us reflect on ourselves and look at our minds leading up to today! Don’t we achieve our goals after knowing ourselves? And let us find the “Being” nature of our original selves after escaping from the minds restraining and controlling us. In this lecture, the definition and principle of the mind are explained in simple and clear ways. You can make sure and practice the methodology of finding the true original mind of inner-self by escaping from the false mind of possession. Self-reflection is the first step to meditate. You can know yourselves most objectively through meditation and you will realize that all the thoughts and actions are due to your minds which are nonexistent and false. If you throw away the false mind, you will find the true mind. Meditation is now world-wide sensation. There are many research reports that show people can be leaders if you have a habit of self-reflection through meditation. Now meditation at school and the workplace are popular. Happiness is having no worries. You can really relax yourself if there is no bundle of thoughts and you can be successful when you know yourself truly. Worries come from the memorized thoughts of the false mind. Your inner potential of positive power are revealed, your peaceful and happiest mind will be in your mind, and you can live the life you wanted through meditation. This method of meditation is very practical and everybody can follow the methodology. As an engineer, I will guide you step by step to practice this meditation. I am sure that this lecture becomes a turning point in your life.
3-2. Human recognition observed by philosophers
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Из курса от партнера Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST)
Meditation: A way to achieve your goals in your life
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Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST)
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3 Copied world and real world
Recognize the copied world and real world and think of living free from the self.: (1) Principle of mind formation, (2) Human recognition observed by philosophers and neuroscientists, (3) Understanding the reasons why we cannot live my own way, and (4) Human mind and Original mind
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Duck-Joo LeeProfessor
Aerospace Engineering
[MUSIC]
Hi.
Duck-Joo Lee.
Last week, we talk about the fact that we copy
the world and that we are living within that copied world.
We think we are living within the true world, but
it is very important that we understand we live in the copied world.
This idea was not just proposed by me, but
was already discussed by many philosophers.
In this class, we will study how the philosophers have recognized our world.
Because the Western philosophers tried to observe our world
analytically and clearly with their own comprehension.
It would be meaningful to study then.
I will introduce three modern philosophers in this class.
They are Immanuel Kant a philosopher who
emphasized "Enlightenment" ideology.
"Life philosopher" Arthur Schopenhauer and
"Analytic philosopher" Ludwig Wittgenstein.
We will begin with Immanuel Kant,
who's one of well-known Western philosophers.
Before Kant, if we interpreted and expressed things as it was
then we accept the interpretations as the truth.
However, if we interpreted things differently
than how it was, then we could not accept and
call the interpretations false.
But Kant argued that it is impossible to accept
the things in the external world as it is.
Kant changed the criteria of truth from the things
in the external world, (thing-in-itself),
to the subject of our cognition, (the-world-of-appearances).
It was revolutionary to change from the things in the external world
to the subject of our recognition as the criteria of the truth.
It is called the Kant's Copernican Revolution.
This Kantian theory proposed the change
from Geocentric theory that all the star and
the Sun revolves around the Earth
(The Ptolemaic System)
to Heliocentric theory that Earth revolves around the Sun.
(The Copernican System).
Kant hoped to accomplished in Metaphysics, the same sort of the shift
in perspective that Copernicus accomplished in astronomy.
In other words, rejecting the traditional view
that our knowledge conformed to objects in the world.
Kant held the belief that objects in the world conform to our knowledge,
so things in the world are not the primary objects, but
secondary objects which are constituted by our mind(subject).
The mind(subject) is the primary thing (a prior), and
the things in the world are the secondary constituted things.
It is the key point of Kant's of philosophy
that our cognition is possible only through
the combinations of sensibility and understanding.
He started a revolution in philosophy by examining how the mind constructed
our knowledge of the objective world and limits thereof.
The external world, he writes, provides those things that we sense.
But it is our mind that processes this information and
gives it order, allowing us to comprehend it.
Since human individuals have all different experiences,
they cannot but recognize the things differently.
It is natural.
Observation by Kant is the exactly the same as what we
find out through self-reflection:
we recognize the things differently.
We already knew through self reflection that our
minds are the criteria of evaluation while living.
Arthur Schopenhauer view of the world is the same as one of the Kant.
Schopenhauer started with the proposition
that "Die Welt ist meine Vorstellung; The World is my presentation"
in his book "World as Will and Presentation(Idea)"
published in 1818 and
amplified in 1844.
And then developed it 'blinder will; blind Will'.
These propositions are the key points of his philosophy.
This world 'Presentation' (Idea) is the same or
similar word 'Appearance' in Kant's philosophy and
'Will', is the same or
similar word, 'Thing-in-itself'.
As Kant explained, the world that we perceived is
a 'Presentation' of objects in our own minds.
So the world, which is constituted by our minds,
is the world of our life and experiences,
not the world which is the original world.
This world, however, is not perceived by us.
This world is governed by the 'blind Will to Life'.
Therefore, the world as a 'Presentation' is not of real world.
but the real world is the world as 'Will'.
So the essence(nature) of the world is not the 'Presentation', but
the 'Will to Life', which is not understood by us.
Schopenhauer thinks that the world of a 'Thing-
in-itself' is nothing more than the world of 'blind Will'.
The blind will in his philosophy is not the usual expression, 'will',
but the origin of the life and the essence(nature) of all things.
Because of this blind will makes all things possible. Human will
is the blind will to life and this will is irrational and impulsive.
This blind will to life wanders from place to place to look for
the goal, which is not knownable by us.
Therefore we suffer from the life without goal.
He realized that freedom from blind will is the only
way to be free from the dreadful pain of life.
The essence of Schopenhauer's theory was that there are two aspects of self,
the self as it appears as an object of a perception and
the self as a manifestation of a will.
Conflict between individual wills is the cause of
a continual strife and frustration.
The world therefore is a world of
unsatisfied wants and of pain.
Schopenhauer's world of unsatisfied wants
is well recognized by our previous life graph also.
We already knew Kant's observation of things and Schopenhauer's thought of
unsatisfied world through the practice of self-reflection.
It is remarkable that we could understand
the essence of a philosopher's thoughts from this course.
The another western philosopher in the mainstream is Ludwig Wittgenstein.
He was chosen by Time weekly magazine
as the most great philosopher in the 20th century.
His philosophy was defined as 'Linguistic Turn'.
He changed philosophy based on 'reason' and the philosophy based on 'language'.
He thought that reason is expressed by language.
Therefore if the language is analyzed properly
reason can be understood properly.
Ludwig Wittgenstein thus ponders how language related to the world,
what were the limits of language and
what this all meant for the philosopher?
He thought the traditional philosophy have problems
because of misunderstanding of a logic of language.
What he made a famous is his 'Picture theory of language'.
He concluded that language had a logic structure
that accurately reflected the structure of reality.
Language is all that are propositions,
and proposition is consist of the elementary
proposition which is not analyzed anymore.
These propositions are the pictures
of the world which is consisted of atomic facts.
Later he found the contradictions in his 'Picture theory of language'.
He differently concluded that language is a game;
-full of tricks, jokes and subtleties-,
the meaning of which was derived from social
context as much as logical analysis.
After realizing the diversity of language,
he introduced a concept of 'language-games'.
He thought the language is not the substantial picture and
it is regarded as instrument to carry out
the diverse goals in the human life.
It can be so because that it is based on the 'form of life'.
That is, the language expressed the 'form of life'
of a human living in the world of the language.
Wittgenstein has a PhD in Aeronautical Engineering
in Manchester, United Kingdom at 1908.
He was fascinated that theory and experiment agreed very well,
showing results of aircraft, which is heavier than air, flying.
He changed into language-games based upon real life.
He also became interested in the foundations of
mathematics, which was the basis of theory.
Later, he probably wanted to challenge an
ultimately unsolved the real problem in mankind,
which is philosophy.
His picture theory of language based upon his propositions
reflecting the structure of reality.
And later, he changed it to language-games based upon real life.
The above three Western philosophers in
the mainstream had their own ways of thinking, but
the common thing was that people cannot recognize the world as it is
and that they recognized the world based upon their own experiences.
This concept is already mentioned when we talk about Kant and Schopenhauer.
Ludwig Wittgenstein also tried to describe the world
as it is by the picture theory of language.
But later it was changed into language-game to describe the real world
because he proposed that the language is formatted based upon
the social context as much as logical analysis.
What we have done are self-observations of the world.
What you have recognized so far through self-reflection
is that the thoughts you have recalled in the previous
life do not disappear but remain in your mind.
What you have observed things are based upon your individual interpretations.
In other words, people copy the world and
live within the copied world of their own mind, which is not the real world.
Matrix described the world as a prison of the mind.
Edward Young started his world as the copied world.
Therefore, living is a pain, not happy and
not always satisfied.
If you have any questions, contact us anytime.
We would like to discuss how to go about getting
out of the copied world and suggest a method.
Also, we should try to live in the ideal way.
Next class we will discuss about our life
from the viewpoint of modern neuroscientist.
The neuroscientist and the brain engineer understand the principles and
structure of a brain in the processing high levels of information.
They study the technology which implement
the mechanics of brain function in the real world
to enable intelligent interactions of the artificial system.
They will provide the scientific evidence in how we recognize the world.
So far what we try to emphasize is that we are not living in the real world.
This was discussed through many ideas and
theories presented by educators,
psychologists, philosophers and the movies.
Because we are not living in the real world, we didn't know how to
fulfill our goals and also could not achieve success.
We tend to recognize this clearly through the practice of self-reflection.
Please keep self-reflecting diligently.
See you next class.
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