This course will continue the introduction to Python programming that started with Python Programming Essentials. We'll learn about different data representations, including strings, lists, and tuples, that form the core of all Python programs. We will also teach you how to access files, which will allow you to store and retrieve data within your programs. These concepts and skills will help you to manipulate data and write more complex Python programs. By the end of the course, you will be able to write Python programs that can manipulate data stored in files. This will extend your Python programming expertise, enabling you to write a wide range of scripts using Python This course uses Python 3. While most Python programs continue to use Python 2, Python 3 is the future of the Python programming language. This course introduces basic desktop Python development environments, allowing you to run Python programs directly on your computer. This choice enables a smooth transition from online development environments.
Reading Files using Iteration
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Из курса от партнера Rice University
Python Data Representations
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Из урока
File Access
This module will teach you how to access files in Python.
Познакомьтесь с преподавателями
Scott RixnerProfessor
Computer Science
Joe WarrenProfessor
Computer Science
[MUSIC]
When you're working with text files it is pretty common to want to operate on
the lines within the file.
So instead of getting the entire contents, maybe I want see each line in the file.
So we know we can read the whole file but
then you would have to split it up into separate lines.
Well, Python gives you a little bit more convenient way of doing this by allowing
you to iterate over the lines in the file.
Let's see how this works.
File objects have a method called readLines that allows us to
break the contents of the file up into lines.
Now if you recall the read method gives us back the entire contents of the file
as a single string.
readLines in contrast gives us back a list of strings and
each string in this list corresponds to a single line in the file.
All right, how do we use it?
Well, first we have to open the file as before.
I'm going to open the the_idiot.txt again.
And then we can call readLines on the file object that we have back.
And because it's a list we can iterate over it.
And each time through the for loop here we will have a different line of the file, so
we can do whatever we want.
Here I'm not going to do anything interesting.
I'm just going to print out each line.
And don't forget, always close your files.
Okay, let's see what actually happens here.
Let's see if we get file and print it out.
All right, so we've seen this file before, so you hopefully recognize the text here.
But things look a little bit different, right?
Why are there all these extra blank lines?
Well, readLines leaves the new line at the end of the string,
so that when I print it out line-by-line,
I'm printing out the line from the file, which includes the new line, and then
the print function actually adds its own new line at the end of whatever it prints.
So there are two new lines here each time we print.
This is just an artifact that I'm printing the lines.
If you were processing them,
just be aware that at the end of the line there is the new line character.
So if you don't want that, you need to get rid of it.
And we know how to index into strings to find it and do other operations so
we can get rid of it.
readLines reads the contents of the entire file and breaks it up into lines and
puts those lines into a list.
This takes some time and
if you have a very large file it could take quite a while.
It also consumes a lot of memory holding that big giant list.
So Python does provide us a different way of iterating over the lines of the file.
And in some situations,
especially for very large files, that can be a lot faster.
So, I'm going to open the file again and
then I can iterate directly over the file object.
I don't need to call any methods.
So, just like I can iterate directly over a list,
I can iterate directly over a file object.
And what this means is you will get back lines from the file.
It does not read it all at once, put it into a big giant list,
it reads the next line out of the file and returns it to you.
So we do the exact same thing here.
Each line, I'm going to simply print.
And I didn't forget to close my file.
All right, let's see what happens here.
It looks exactly the same.
So, these are two equivalent ways of iterating over the lines of the file,
but the second way does something different okay?
It can be more efficient.
When you're working with text files, you very frequently want to work with
them on a line by line basis, you want to process the lines in the file,
not work with the entire files, one big giant string.
So you can break it up yourself after you've got the big giant string, but
like we've seen here, there are better ways.
Python does allow us to iterate in multiple ways over the file line by line.
In most situations, you probably just want to iterate over the file directly and
get the lines.
You can call readLines though and get a list of strings.
You don't have to iterate over that list of strings.
You can do other things with that list of strings.
So readLines is valuable both in the context of iteration and
outside of the context of iteration.
If you have large files, though, you probably do not want to try and
read the entire file at once.
Instead you want to iterate using the second method,
iterate over the file object, so that you're getting one line at a time and
not creating this big giant list.
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