2.5. Tablets

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Из курса от партнера University of Colorado System

Deciphering Secrets: The Illuminated Manuscripts of Medieval Europe

61 оценки

University of Colorado System

Deciphering Secrets: The Illuminated Manuscripts of Medieval Europe

61 оценки

Perhaps no other relic of the European Middle Ages captures our imagination more than illuminated medieval manuscripts, or those documents decorated with images and colored pigments. Serving as windows unto a lost world of kings, ladies, faith, war, and culture, they communicate complex visual and textual narratives of Europe’s collective cultural heritage and patrimony. In this fashion, illuminated manuscripts are dynamic messages from our communal past that are still relevant today in fields like graphic design and typography. In this seven-week course, students will explore the material creation, content, and historical context of illuminated medieval European manuscripts. Students will acquire an introductory knowledge of their distinguishing characteristics, their cataloguing and periodization (when they were created), the methods utilized to produce them, and their historical context and value. Student achievement will be assessed using not only traditional multiple-choice quizzes, but more importantly will be evaluated based on individual student projects. In their final projects students will either (1) produce a board of commented images about medieval manuscripts or (2) prepare a physical manuscript using medieval methods. The best of these peer-evaluated projects will be posted on the Deciphering Secrets website, which is our collective citizen scholarship web presence that encourages and supports our global citizen scholars appreciation and contributions to transcription of medieval manuscripts. Finally, we wish to highlight that this course is an exciting international collaboration between the University of Colorado (USA) and Universidad Complutense Madrid (Spain).

Из урока

MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN KINGDOMS (PART 1) AND WRITING SUPPORTS AND BOOK FORMATS

WEEK #2

2.0b.Writing Materials and Book Formats. Introduction3:00

2.1. Archaic Writing Materials9:34

2.2. Papyrus7:37

2.3. Parchment12:13

2.4. Paper10:41

2.5. Tablets9:13

2.6. Roll and Scroll11:40

2.7. Codex14:30

2.8. Archaic and Exotic Book Formats5:06

Познакомьтесь с преподавателями

Dr. Roger Louis Martínez-Dávila
Associate Professor
History
Ana B. Sanchez-Prieto
Dr. in Medieval History, Dr. in Education Sciences
Historiographical Sciences and Techniques

Although on the account of their materials,

writing tablets fall into a sort of nobody's ground between codicology and epigraphy.

The truth is, that they make up the oldest book form known to us.

As a matter of fact, we still have many clay tablets from the third millennium B.C.

mostly coming from Mesopotamia.

Although the clay tablets are adopt less,

the most abundant of all,

the tablet format is not constrained to any material in particular,

and that includes even precious metals,

like the case of the gold plates of Pyrgi that we can admire in the image.

A very curious sort of metal tablets is the so called,

tabellae defixionum or damnation tablets,

written on lead with occasionally,

strange signs or minute letters.

They were buried together with figurines that

presumably symbolize the person they were supposed to damn.

But the most utilized material for this sort of book form was for sure wood.

In the Greek world, the wooden tablets were used at least from the times of Homer.

Its use has also been discovered in Egypt,

ancient Israel and the Etruscan world.

The diffusion of wooden writing tablets in the classical world was extraordinarily wide,

mostly due to their cheap price but probably also

because they could be transported and stored very easily.

And their use for their daily life writing needs was perpetuated in Europe,

and the paper became an object of domestic consumption.

The tablets were made up of wood sheets in a variable number, two,

three, or more, held together by means of a metal ring, or leather thong.

Forming in this way,

a sort of rigid and hard notebook that received

the name of codex, codicillus, or pugilares.

The sheets could be prepared to receive writing in different ways.

For instance, the famous Vindolanda tablets,

presently in the British Museum,

are really thin and therefore very convenient to transport and store.

Sometimes they were polished and whitened so that one could write on them

with pen or brush and ink and then they are called tabulae dealbatae.

But on most occasions, the modality utilized,

is the one described in the ninth century by Saint Aldhelm in one of his famous riddles.

It goes like this: My first birth came forth from honey-bearing bees,

but then my outer part grew from trees.

Shoes gave me a tough back.

Now, an iron goad scores my fair face and with its turns,

flicks our furrows like a plough,

but to the field it brings nourishing seed from heaven,

which yields great harvest with thousand-fold food.

Alas, that such a holy crop must be removed with cruel weapons.

If you wish you can stop now the video and try to solve the riddle.

I guess you solved it.

But just in case,

here is the solution.

The outer part coming from the trees is of

course the wood from which the tablet was made,

carving in the middle part in the shape of

a very shallow book that was then filled in with beewax.

The shoes leather is most probably the thong that held the tablets

together in diptychs or polyptychs or maybe some sort of covering.

The plough is the stylus with which one wrote on them.

The harvest is of course the written text that could

be erased by rubbing with the opposite side of the stylus,

that was shaped as a spatula.

During the Middle Ages,

wax was mixed with tar and that formed its blackish hue.

The use of writing tablets was so common that tablets

became a sort of token of the literate man or woman,

and the usual way of carrying them was hanging from the belt,

usually falling on the left thigh,

so that the carrier could easily catch them with the left hand,

and write with a stylus in the right.

Because writing tablets remained the cheapest writing support for centuries,

until paper became common in the west,

they were normally used for drafts,

accounting, and school exercises.

Saint Jerome, for instance,

used to write his works on tablets that he delivered to

professional copyists who would transcribe the text onto papyrus or parchment.

And the image we see now, Hildegard von Bingen,

doing exactly the same.

Individuals also sent letters of friendship written on tablets.

In 390, Saint Augustine apologized to his correspondent,

Romanianus because he had addressed to him

a letter written in parchment instead of on wax tablets.

And from his words,

we understand that sending a letter on one's wax tablets was a token of a deep esteem.

As it was presenting somebody with a wax tablets dictate.

But writing tablets were also utilized as weapons in several occasions that we know of.

When Saint Patrick arrived in Ireland,

"cum tabulis in manibus scriptis" that is,

with writing tablets in his hands,

folks interpreted that artefact as a powerful weapon.

And we would be tempted to think that

those primitive Irish people believed that they have some sort of

magical power if we didn't know of

some persons being killed with tablets as criminal weapon.

As was the case of a younger student of Corvey,

and many years before the martyr,

Cassian, if we are to believe Gregory of Tours account.

Apart mention deserves the ivory tabellae known as consular diptychs.

They were waxed in their inner side,

with the outer side splendidly decorated.

They were made on the occasion of somebody's elevation to the consulate,

and given to friends and relatives as presents to commemorate the appointment.

As many as 67 of such pieces have been preserved.

The oldest, Vienna sacerdotal diptych from 388,

now in the archaeological museum in Madrid.

The first proper consular diptych dates from 406 and is in the Cathedral of Aosta.

The most recent one is from the 7th century.

The high number of consular diptychs preserved can seem striking.

It is due to the rich exterior ornamentation and to

the fact that many of them were recycled for book bindings.

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