Medical Neuroscience explores the functional organization and neurophysiology of the human central nervous system, while providing a neurobiological framework for understanding human behavior. In this course, you will discover the organization of the neural systems in the brain and spinal cord that mediate sensation, motivate bodily action, and integrate sensorimotor signals with memory, emotion and related faculties of cognition. The overall goal of this course is to provide the foundation for understanding the impairments of sensation, action and cognition that accompany injury, disease or dysfunction in the central nervous system. The course will build upon knowledge acquired through prior studies of cell and molecular biology, general physiology and human anatomy, as we focus primarily on the central nervous system. This online course is designed to include all of the core concepts in neurophysiology and clinical neuroanatomy that would be presented in most first-year neuroscience courses in schools of medicine. However, there are some topics (e.g., biological psychiatry) and several learning experiences (e.g., hands-on brain dissection) that we provide in the corresponding course offered in the Duke University School of Medicine on campus that we are not attempting to reproduce in Medical Neuroscience online. Nevertheless, our aim is to faithfully present in scope and rigor a medical school caliber course experience. This course comprises six units of content organized into 12 weeks, with an additional week for a comprehensive final exam: - Unit 1 Neuroanatomy (weeks 1-2). This unit covers the surface anatomy of the human brain, its internal structure, and the overall organization of sensory and motor systems in the brainstem and spinal cord. - Unit 2 Neural signaling (weeks 3-4). This unit addresses the fundamental mechanisms of neuronal excitability, signal generation and propagation, synaptic transmission, post synaptic mechanisms of signal integration, and neural plasticity. - Unit 3 Sensory systems (weeks 5-7). Here, you will learn the overall organization and function of the sensory systems that contribute to our sense of self relative to the world around us: somatic sensory systems, proprioception, vision, audition, and balance senses. - Unit 4 Motor systems (weeks 8-9). In this unit, we will examine the organization and function of the brain and spinal mechanisms that govern bodily movement. - Unit 5 Brain Development (week 10). Next, we turn our attention to the neurobiological mechanisms for building the nervous system in embryonic development and in early postnatal life; we will also consider how the brain changes across the lifespan. - Unit 6 Cognition (weeks 11-12). The course concludes with a survey of the association systems of the cerebral hemispheres, with an emphasis on cortical networks that integrate perception, memory and emotion in organizing behavior and planning for the future; we will also consider brain systems for maintaining homeostasis and regulating brain state.
Overview of the Internal Capsule and Deep Gray Matter
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Medical Neuroscience
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Neuroanatomy: Internal Anatomy of the Human CNS
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Leonard E. White, Ph.D.Associate Professor
Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences; Director of Education, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences; Duke University
Hello everyone. Welcome to this tutorial on the anatomy
of the internal capsule in the deep gray matter.
Our principle core concept for this session is to simply again try to
appreciate the complexity of the human brain.
but to do so by guiding you through some principles that will help you understand
that complexity. My learning objective for you today is
that I want you to be able to describe and even to sketch the relations of the
deep gray matter structures that we find within the core of the forebrain, with
respect to the internal capsule. And this is an important white matter
structure that runs right through the middle of each hemisphere.
And I want you to appreciate the relationship of the deep gray matter to
the internal capsule. As viewed in both the coronal and the
axial plains of sections through the forebrain.
What I want you to confront is the internal anatomy of the forebrain.
What we find deep in the center of each hemisphere, and the chart here on this
slide really provides you with a summary of what I want you to apprehend.
So from embryological standpoint, the cerebral hemisphere consists of the
telencphalon, which is the largest component of the cerebral hemispheres.
And then just inferior and a bit caudal. We have the diencephalon.
Now, what I want you to be able to do is to consider these various derivatives of
the embryological telencephalon and diencephalon.
And mainly, what we're going to focus on is one bit of white matter called the
internal capsule. And the relationship then, of these gray
matter structures relative to the different components of that internal
capsule. Okay, so, yes we're going to see the
cerebral cortex and, briefly the hippocampus and the amygdala in the
temporal lobe. But really, our focus is going to be
here, in the basal ganglia, and in the diencephalon, and in particular in the
thalamus. So what I want you to be able to do is to
recognize, how is the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the nucleus accumbens, and
the globus pallidus positioned. Relative to the internal capsule.
And then how does the thalamus, and the hypothalamus fit in.
And essentially the answers to these questions will be either medial or
lateral to the internal capsule. And then to complete the picture.
We can consider the placement of some additional white matter structures.
Such as our commissure of the fore brain. The corpus callosum and the anterior
commissure. we'll see how the fornix fits in.
And then I want you to appreciate how the ventricles that are associated with the
fore brain. The lateral ventricle and the third
ventricle. Our range relative to the deep grey
matter in the internal capsule. Okay, well, let me show you what I'm
talking about. If we look at the lateral view of the
cerebral hemisphere, and if it were possible to look right through the
cortex, as we are doing here in the illustration to the upper right.
What we would see are a series of gray matter structures arranged around white
matter, and the gray matter now are isolated for you on the left.
And the colors that we see here are indicative of some of the major divisions
of this deep gray matter. This purplish color shows us the basil
ganglia. And the basil ganglia that can be seen
from the lateral view includes the Caudate nucleus, the Putamen and the
Nucleus accumbens. Now, you'll notice that they really don't
look like their separate structures, but rather just a complex three-dimensional
unitary structure. And indeed that's a very helpful way to
think about the basal ganglia together these three structures are called the
striatum because of the arrangement of cells in this general region of this
structure between the putamen and the caudate divisions.
Well I want you to understand, how is that striatum, or these divisions of the
basal ganglia, arranged relative to the thalamus, and to the internal capsule?
And you see the thalamus is positioned slightly posterior, but on the medial
side Of the putamen, hopefully you get a sense of that.
But there is this internal capsule that I've been referring to, and let me just
sort of illustrate that for you here so you know how that fits in.
The internal capsule is this massive system of white matter that runs between
the cerebral cortex and everything that falls below the cerebral cortex.
So that's going to include the thalamus, it's going to include the brain stem, and
it's going to include the spinal cord. Now many of these axons as I have been
illustrating here are heading in the descending direction.
Some of them will actually go all the way down into the spinal cord.
Other axons, namely those that are coming from the thalamus, are actually
projecting back to the cerebral cortex. And so what we have in each hemisphere is
this massive fan of white matter. That comes together in a compact bundle,
and passes between parts of the basal ganglia, and the diencephalon.
As this white matter courses from the forebrain down into the hind brain.
Well, if we turn now to our enlarged view of the basal ganglia.
This is exactly where we would see those axons.
They would be slipping in this little cleft here between the body of the
caudate nucleus, the thalamus, and the basal ganglia, the putamen, the nucleus
accumbens. Now there's another component of the
basal ganglia that we don't see here. That's also with the putamen on the
lateral side of this internal capsule. And that structure is the globus
pallidus. The globus pallidus would sit right about
in this region here completely enveloped by the striadum.
Now. If this seems a bit messy, I suppose it
is. But, what I really want you to
appreciate, is the way that these axons, of the internal capsule, provide such a
useful landmark for us neuro anatomically.
Because they help us understand where you would expect to find one of these
important grey matter structures. And that's really what I hope for you to
get out of this tutorial. Well, let's back up a slide.
And I'll tell you exactly where you should expect to find these grey matter
structures, relative to the internal capsule.
Okay. So, again, our focus is primarily on the
basal ganglia and the thalamus. What we would expect to find are two
structures that are found on the medial side of the internal capsule.
Those would be the thalumus and the caudate nucleus.
On the later side of the internal capsule we would expect to find the putamen.
And the globus pallidus. Now, what about the nucleus accumbens,
you might ask? Where would we find that?
Well the nucleus accumbens is really neither medial nor lateral.
I would say it's actually inferior to the internal capsule, and you'll see what I
mean when we look through sections of the brain.
Well, let's do that now and I'd like to segue to a segment that I recorded in the
brain anatomy lab and you'll see me directing your attention to these various
components of the deep forebrain. So, take some time and take that in.
Refer to the tutorial notes that I've given you.
And then after we go to the lab, we'll conclude by looking at these sections in
Silvius one last time. Okay?
Well I'll see you shortly in the lab.
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