[MUSIC] Hello, welcome to Module 4. In the last module, we looked at the biological effects of ionizing radiation. We investigated how DNA is damaged by radiation with very high energy. Like ultraviolet C, X-rays and gamma rays. Before we proceed with this module, let's recap on some of the things we learned in the last module, with regard to how ionizing radiation can damage our DNA. Ionizing radiation can damage the structure of our DNA directly or indirectly. More commonly, structural DNA damage happens, indirectly, through ionizing water in the cell. This process produces free radicals, that can bond to the atoms or molecules that make up DNA. Eventually, these free radicals can cause damage to the DNA and break it apart. We also learned that our bodies are very good at repairing DNA damage through repair pathways. However, when DNA cannot be fixed through these pathways, there are three potential outcomes. Cell death, daughter cell death, or mutation. In the case of mutation, if enough mutated cells survive, they start to rapidly divide and form a tumor or a cancer. But our bodies also have tumor suppressing genes. These encode proteins to keep cell division under control and therefore stop cancerous cells from multiplying. If these tumor suppressor genes are themselves mutated, they cannot do their job properly. Cancer is therefore more likely to occur in those individuals. In other words, it has an impact on what we call the individual's personalized risk of cancer. In this module, we will take a closer at ionizing radiation. In particular, we will discuss the importance to our lives and health. First, we shall examine in more details, the ionizing radiations: X-rays and gamma rays. We will then learn about how each of these radiations are produced and a little bit about how useful they are in medical imaging applications. We will then look more closely at the link between ionizing radiation and cancer. We will discus how we manage the risk from these radiations and the context of diagnostic imaging. We will also discuss the legal requirements and professional guidelines that govern the implementation of diagnostic imaging examinations and the use of ionizing radiation. Finally, later in this module, we will further examine the concept of personalized risk. How does an individual's sex or genetic makeup impact their ultimate risk of developing cancer? We will find out. We will also consider the consequences of gene mutations for personalized medicine. So let's get into it. [MUSIC]