This course provides a view of the history of spaceflight, from early writings telling of human's fascination of space through the early Russian and American space stations. Developed as an interesting and entertaining slice of space history that is accessible to anyone with an interest in human spaceflight
Unit 4 - Movie
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Из курса от партнера University of Houston System
A Brief History of Human Spaceflight
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Unit 4 - Early Soviet Space Program
Learn about steps the Soviet Union took to launch the first man in space
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Dr. Chuck LayneProfessor and Department Chair
Health and Human Performance
[MUSIC]
On July 22nd, 1951, the dogs Desi and
Gypsy were launched into space and safely returned to Earth.
The successful and unsuccessful flights of the K-9 space travelers
were critical to the understanding of mammal response to space flight.
And enabled the Soviets to develop functional life support systems and
reentry systems.
See Unit 14 for more information about Desi and Gypsy.
>> The new class of orbital spaceship was called [FOREIGN], meaning east.
The first dogs to fly on them were going to be Little Fox and Seagull.
Chief rocket scientist Sergei Korolev was very attached to the small ginger-haired
little fox.
But the 28th of June, 1960, would bring him further bereavement.
As he watched the rocket explode with his favorite on board,
he recalled that before the launch.
He had whispered to her under his breath, I want you to come back very, very much.
[MUSIC]
The glory of being the first to go into the Earth's orbit would come to the two
dog crew.
Three weeks later their names were known throughout the world.
Byelka, Whitey, and Stryelka, Little Arrow.
They took off on the 19th of August, made 18 orbits and returned to Earth famous.
To go out into orbit and stay there for almost 24 hours and
return unharmed meant that the path to space for humans was laid open.
Oleg Gazenko organized the press conference with the dogs at TASS.
>> [FOREIGN].
[MUSIC]
>> During his visit to the US, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev promised
Jackie Kennedy a puppy from one of the cosmonaut dogs.
That was how little arrow's pup Pushinka, got into the White House.
>> [FOREIGN].
[MUSIC]
>> Homes were found for Pushinka's brothers and
sisters among the employees of the Institute of Space Medicine.
But [INAUDIBLE] herself lived in a golden cage in Washington.
John Kennedy watched his children play merrily with the little Russian dog.
But he understood the political significance of Khrushchev's gift.
It was a heavy blow to his personal pride and
to American prestige, but can-
[MUSIC]
>> On October 4th, 1957,
the Soviet Union launched the world's first satellite, Sputnik 1.
Roughly translated, it means traveling companion.
The launch became the first event in the competition between the Soviets and
Americans in what became known as the space race.
US policy makers were shocked by the successful Sputnik mission and
subsequently created a crisis of confidence in the US.
The ripples of which filtered to American schools
that immediately intensified math and science courses for students.
Even prior to Sputnik, the Soviets had been considering how to
launch humans into space and return them to Earth successfully.
>> [SOUND] CBS Television presents
a special report on Sputnik 1,
the Soviet space satellite.
Douglas Edwards reporting.
Until two days ago, that sound had never been heard on this Earth.
Suddenly it has become as much a part of 20th century life as the whir of your
vacuum cleaner.
It's a report from man's farthest frontier,
the radio signal transmitted by the Soviet Sputnik.
The first man-made satellite as it passed over New York earlier today.
[MUSIC]
>> On April 12th, 1961, the Soviets sent Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around
the Earth in a Vostok space capsule He became an instant international celebrity.
And the Soviet Union carefully and
successfully exploited his and
the Soviet's accomplishments.
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>> News paper headlines tell the story, Gherman Titov of Russia returns to Earth
after orbiting the globe 17 times in a little more than 25 hours, covering
435,000 miles, which is more than twice the distance from the Earth to the Moon.
An orbit by a US astronaut is planned later this year.
[MUSIC]
With the usual Russian secrecy prevailing this launching is from previous films.
Showing a rocket lif toff similar to the one used in the latest Soviet Union
space feat.
Radio Moscow reports that the 26 year old Titov landed exactly in the planned area.
This view is of the Earth seen from a rocket outside the atmosphere.
Recording equipment such as this was able to pick up Major Titov's messages as
he wrote a new chapter in space history.
>> [FOREIGN].
>> Radar track Titov as he did his predecessor Yuri Gagarin.
With no details released by the Russians on the space flight, this here is
some animated scenes demonstrates the course of an orbit around the Earth.
>> Another milestone was reached, when in August 1962,
the Soviets launched two different cosmonauts into space on consecutive days.
The two Vostok space capsules past within four miles of each other during orbit.
>> In an era when launching a human being into space was seen as proof of
the technological and military superiority of a nation, the image of two
spacemen orbiting the Earth at the same time was a truly remarkable sight.
In August 1962, the Soviet Union launched Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 a day apart,
and flew the 2 vehicles simultaneously in orbit for 3 days.
The ambitious mission, the first ever group flight in a manned spacecraft,
was pioneered by the chief designer of the Soviet space program, Sergei Korolev.
Although the Vostok vehicles were not equipped for docking, Korolev understood
the value of being able to control multiple space flights at the same time.
Which would prove important to the later race to the moon.
And to the Soviet space stations of the 1970s.
Cosmonaut Andrea Nicolaya lifted off in Vostok 3 on August 11, 1962.
The space craft experienced some difficulty in the early hours of
the flight.
When a fault in the communication system made it difficult for
him to hear messages from the ground.
But, the problems were fixed before the end of his first day in orbit.
Pavel Popovich launched in Vostok 4 on August 12, 1962.
As his spacecraft began to orbit the Earth, Vostok 3 and
Vostok 4 passed each other in orbit at a distance that was
estimated as being as close as less than five kilometers.
Vostok 4 also faced a malfunction in one of its key systems when the vehicle's
environmental control system failed to maintain the desired temperature within
the spacecraft.
As a result, Popovich had to contend with an uncomfortable chill during a good
portion of his flight.
But he remained able to function properly and carried out his duties as planned.
Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 returned to Earth in the early hours of August 15th, 1962.
Nikolayev passed through the Earth's atmosphere first,
followed shortly by Popovich.
And both cosmonauts ejected from their vehicles and
parachuted to the ground, landing less than ten minutes apart,
each touching down a short distance from his spacecraft.
Nikolayev had been in space for nearly four days and completed 64 orbits,
setting a new record for the longest space flight up to that time.
Popovich circled the Earth 48 times during his flight and
returned after a mission of just under three days.
Although they flew in separate vehicles, not equipped to rendezvous or
to dock, their very presence in orbit at the same time represented a major
advance in the history of space flight.
And for Nikolayev and Popovich, the moment also secured a place for
them in the personal histories of their fellow citizens,
who would, from that point forward,
remember how they had felt when they first heard of the joint flight,
and the Cosmonauts who were the first to fly together in time as well as space.
[MUSIC]
>> The Russians chalk up another victory in the space race as they put two manned
spacecraft into orbit within 24 hours of each other.
Colonel Pavel Popovich And Major Andrea Nikayev follow in the footsteps of
two other Russian astronauts, Titov and Gagarin, and
thus give the Soviets four manned orbital flights against two for the United States.
Within 72 hours, the first men aloft traveled more than a million miles,
four times the distance to the moon,
a distance it would take a jet airliner two and a half months to fly.
[MUSIC]
As Vostok third orbited, Vostok four followed on its heels,
at one time within 75 miles, proving that a contact in outer space was possible.
Tracking stations indicate that there is little doubt of the success of the Russian
feat that is seen as two years ahead of the US effort.
[MUSIC]
The Soviets made the most of the flight in their worldwide propaganda and
televised pictures of the astronauts from outer space.
Naturally, there was jubilation in Russia and
the crowds followed the progress of the new heroes in Red Square.
Other troubles were forgotten.
>> On June 14, 1963, Valery Bykovsky blasted off on the Vostok 5 mission,
and two days later, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space.
[MUSIC]
Tereshkova orbited the Earth for almost three days.
As an historical oddity, Tereshkova landed far from the intended landing site,
was helped out of her spacesuit by local villagers, and
accepted their invitation to dinner, an action she was later reprimanded for.
Despite this, she was quickly honored as a national hero, and
served as an inspiration to millions of women and girls around the world.
[MUSIC]
The next Soviet space effort was the Voskhod Program in which a number of
firsts were accomplished.
Three crew members traveled aboard Voskhod 1 and the first spacewalk, or
extra vehicular activity, was conducted by Alexey Leonov during the Voskhod program.
>> [FOREIGN]
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>> Following the Vostok program,
the Soviets next introduce the Soyuz program.
As you will learn in a future unit,
the first manned flight in the Soyuz program ended in disaster.
The hastily built capsule crashed when it's parachutes failed to open.
Killing cosmanaut Vladimir Komarov.
See space flights disasters for
additional details concerning Komarov's doomed flight.
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>> Soyuz 4 and 5 dock in earth orbit.
Two cosmonauts leap Soyuz 5 and space walk over to Soyuz 4.
The two spacecraft are connected for four and a half hours.
And the mission's complete the first docking of two man spacecraft and
a first two man space walk in history.
[MUSIC]
>> But during re-entry, the lone cosmonaut in Soyuz 5, Boris Volynov,
is almost killed when the service module fails to separate from the dissent module.
Normally, the two modules would separate and the in the bottom of the dissent
module would protect the spacecraft as it plunged through the atmosphere.
[SOUND] But as the atmosphere slammed into the during re-entry,
the spacecraft flipped around so that the more aerodynamic top of the dissent module
started taking up part of the air stream.
Since the spacecraft was now upside down, Volynov's body was being pulled
against his harness instead of being pushed back into his padded seat.
The hatch bulbs inward because of the head on force of [INAUDIBLE] and
it's rubber sealing began to smolder.
Suddenly the stress causes the service module to break away and
the dissent module flips around to its proper alignment.
Volynov had escaped incineration.
But the addition of the service model had caused the capsule
to veer 2,000 kilometers off course.
The parachute had not been destroyed.
But the soft landing rockets failed to fire and
the space craft hits the ground much harder than normal.
[SOUND] Volynov is thrown from the seat across the cabin
breaking several of his teeth.
He had landed in a snowy area of Russia where it was -40 degrees outside.
The cosmonaut ends up
having to hike to a nearby
village where rescuers
finally locate him.
[MUSIC]
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