本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 2：把字句（下）
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Из курса от партнера Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
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第九讲 特殊句子
第九讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）“把”字句；（2）“被”字句；（3）“给”字句；（4）“在”字句；（5）“是”字句；（6）“有”字句；（7）“主谓谓语”句。
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Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
（二）使用"把"字句的条件。 (II) The condition of “ba”
1. 1.
语义条件 "把"字句一般是动作行为者 Semantic condition sentence pattern of “ba” is generally an action actor
对"把"的宾语所表示的事物施加一定的动作 使得该事物出现某种情况或者是结果。 Applying a certain action to the thing represented by the object of "ba" makes the thing appear to be a certain situation or result.
我们看一下例子就比较清楚了 把衣服晾出去！是什么意思呢？也就是说 Some examples make you clear. “ba yi fu liang chu qu!” (Dry the clothes out)
"把"的前面有一个行为动作者 就是人，这个行为动作者就是人，把衣服，是一个事物 There is an action actor, people, before “ba”. The “yi fu” (clothes) is a thing.
这个人在衣服上施加一个动作，是什么呢？晾 The person puts an action on the clothes. What is the action? “liang” (dry)
结果呢出现这个衣服怎么样，就是结果是出去了 晾出去。 What happened to this clothes? It is placed outside.
第二例，猫把鱼吃了，猫是一个行为动作者 Example two, “mao ba yu chi le.” (The cat ate the fish). The cat is an action actor.
就是一个发出动作的这个事物，当然是一个动物了 It issues the action.
那么鱼是一个什么呢？是一个事物，对吧？ What is fish? It is a thing, right?
它的施加一定的动作是什么？"吃"，就是猫吃鱼，结果呢 What is the action here? “chi” (eat). The cat ate the fish. And,
吃了，结果是什么呢？没有，完了，就是这样的意思 2.语法条件。 What is the result? nothing. 2. Grammatical condition
受句子结构的影响 必须用或者一般用"把"字句的情况 Influenced by sentence structure, the case of "put" is necessary or used in general
也就是说下面一些情况下，我们一般多用"把"字句。 In other words, in the following cases, we often use the word of “ba”.
第一种情况，句子的主语是动作行为发出者, In the first case, the subject of the sentence is the issuer of the action.
整个句子表示通过某种动作行为使事物 The whole sentence indicates that something has arrived at a certain place
到达某个处所，而且呢该事物和所到达的处所 through some kind of action. When the thing and the place
都出现时，一般要用"把"字句。 where it arrives, it is generally necessary to use the word of “ba”
我们看一看这个情况例子就可以 看一下。 Let have a look at some examples.
第一，大家把书放在书架上 "大家"是一个行为动作者，对吧？那么"书" First, “da jia ba shu fang zai shu jia shang” . “da jia” is an action actor, right? And then the “shu”
是一个事物，大家通过"放"这个动作 is a thing. The “shu” is on the bookshelf after everyone issues the action of “fang”.
最后这个书跑在 书架上，在书架上 ，也就是说这个是这样的意思。 It carries the meaning like this.
这种情况下，我们就要用"把"，"把"字句把这个宾语 "书"放在"把"的后面。 In this condition , we shall use the sentence pattern of “ba”. The object of “shu” is placed after “ba”.
第二例，别把手伸出 车窗外。 Example two, “bie ba shou sheng chu che chuang wai.” （Don’t stick your hand out the car window)
"别把手"的意思就是说"你"，这个动作行为"你"这个人没有说出来, Here the word of “ni” (you) is omitted in the phrase of “bie ba shou”.
那么对手施加一个动作， 这个什么呢？这个手呢就是没有 The action of hand is that it
超出车窗的外面 所以这个时候呢，这个"手"这个宾语应该放在"把"的后面，"把"的后面。
did not stick out
So the object of “shou” (hand) shall be placed after “ba”.
第二种情况，句子的主语是行为，动作行为发出者 The second condition, the subject of sentence is the issuer if the action
谓语动词包含有"成" Predicate verbs contain "cheng"
"为""作""做"等，或者带有"成""为""作""做"做补语的 这个动词短语。 “wei”, “zuo” and so forth, or Verb phrase with "cheng", "wei",and "zuo" .
如果有两个宾语 一般也要用"把"字句，我们 来看一下例子就比较清楚。 If there are two object, the sentence pattern of “ba” shall be used. Some examples make you clear.
你们怎么把屋子弄成了这样？ "你们"是一个行为动作者，对不对？ “ni men zen me ba wu zi nong cheng le zhe yang?” (Why do you make the house like this?). The “ni men” (you) are issuers of the action, right?
"把屋子"是一个宾语，"弄成了这样"，两个宾语 “ba wu zi” is an object. “nong cheng le zhe yang” is also an object. There are two objects.
所以这种情况下，我们说，就要用"把" Therefore, in this condition, we shall place the “ba”
放在"屋子"的前边，这个"成"，含有一个"成"字，对吧？它做补语 before “wu zi”. The “cheng” here is used as a complement.
所以呢这个句子就应该说成"你们怎么把屋子弄成了这样" 第二例，父母把我培养为，有"为"，动词有"为"，后面有"为",
This sentence shall be like this “ni men zen me ba wu zi nong cheng le zhe yang”.
Example two, “fu mu ba wo pei yang wei…” (my parents make me be…) the “wei” is placed after the verb of “pei yang”
另外呢，要有一个行为动作者，这个"我" 是一个宾语，还有一个宾语，object In addition, the “wo” is an object. Another object is also here.
是什么呢？一个歌唱家，所以有两个宾语 而且动词后面有为，所以这种情况下，也要用"把"，把这个"我"
What is it? “yi ge ge chang jia” (a singer). Two objects here
And the “wei” is placed after a verb. Therefore, in this condition, “ba” shall be used.
把"我"放在"把"的后面，那么也要用"把"字句，这是 第二种情况。 Put “wo” after “ba”. This is the second condition.
第三种情况，就是句子的主语是行为动作行为的发出者。 The third condition, the subject of sentence is the issuer of action
谓语动词有宾语，而且还有 表示宾语的情态的补语。 The predicate verb has an object, and there is also a complement of the modality of the object.
这种情况下，一般也要用"把"字句，我们来看一下例子啊， 你把这件事情看得太简单了！ In this condition, sentence pattern of “ba” shall be used. Let us have a look at some examples. “ni ba zhe jian shi qing kan de tai jian dan le!” (You regard this thing too simple.)
我们看，行为动作者是"你"，"看" 有补语"太简单了"，而且"看" Look at here, the action actor is “ni” (you). The complement of “kan” is “tai jian dan le”.
有什么？宾语"这件事"，也就是说"看这件事看得太简单了"，所以呢 And the “kan” has an object of “zhe jian shi”. It means that you regard this thing too simple. Therefore,
看的后面有补语，而且还有宾语，那么这种情况下，我们又要用"把" A complement and object are placed after “kan”. In this condition, we shall use “ba”.
把这个宾语"这件事"放在"把"的后面 变成了"你把这件事看得太简单了"。 Put the object of “zhe jian shi” after “ba”. The sentence is produced like this “nib a zhe jian shi kan de tai jian dan le”.
第二例是什么呢？大家不要把关系搞得 太复杂！那么"搞"是一个动词, What is the second example? “da jia bu yao ba guan xi gao de tai fu za!” （Don't make the relationship too complicated）. The “gao” is a verb.
"太复杂"这个是一个补语，那么它还有什么呢？一个宾语，"搞"还有一个宾语，"搞关系- "对不对
“tai fu za” (too complicated) is a complement. What else? An object. The “gao”(make) has an object of “guan xi” (relationship), right?
那么这种情况下，我们说应该也要用"把"。 In this condition, the “ba” shall be used.
"把"字句把这个关系放在"把"的后面做宾语。 The “guan xi” is placed after “ba” in this sentence of “ba”.
也就是这个句子应该说"大家不要把关系搞得太复杂"。 The right expression is “da jia bu yao ba guan xi gao de tai fu za.”
（4）句子的主语是动作 行为的发出者，谓语动词带双宾语, (4) the subject of sentence is the issuer of action. Predicate verb with double object
也就是说两个宾语，直接宾语比较复杂，或者是比较 长的时候，一般也要用"把"字提前，也就是也要用"把"字句。
When the direct object is complex or long, the “ba” shall be placed before it.
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 Some examples make you clear.
她把 那张她小时候照得有些发黄的 照片寄给了我。 “ta ba na zhang ta xiao shi hou zhao de you xie fang huang de zhao pian ji gei le wo.” (She sent me the photo of her yellowing when she was a child.)
我们看这个句子有几个宾语呢？这是一个宾语， 这是，第二个宾语，也就是说，寄给 Please have a look. How many objects in this sentence? This is an object, this is the second object. That is to say, “ji gei
我那张她小时候照得有些发黄的照片。 Wo na zhang ta xiao shi hou zhao de you xie fa huang de zhao pian.”
那么这个很长的这个宾语是什么呢？就是所谓的直接的宾语， 也就是说这个动作的承受者。 What is the long object? It is the so-called direct object, the recipient of action
那么"我"是一个间接宾语，所以呢这个宾语太长了，所以这个时候 The “wo” is an indirect object. When the object is too long, we shall
我们就用"把"，把这个宾语放在"把"的后面, use “ba” and put the object after “ba”.
用"把"字句来说就比较自然，比较舒服。 The sentence is comfortable when a “ba” is used here.
（三）特殊的口语句式 (III) Special oral statement
（1）看或者是瞧+把+名词或者代词+动词+得！ （1） “kan or qiao +ba+ noun or pronoun+verb+de!”
我们来看一下例子，看把他气得！ 或者是瞧把他气得！这个也是一个把字句。 Let me show you some examples. “kan ba ta qi de!” or “qiao ba ta qi de!”. This is also a sentence pattern of “ba”.
第二例，看 把你吓得！或者是瞧把你吓得！ Example two, “kan, ba ni xia de!” or “qiao ba ni xia de!”
这个呢也是一个"把"字句，有"把" 所以这也是我们口语里面经常说的。 This is also a sentence pattern of “ba”. We often say it in oral Chinese.
我们再看第二种情况 是什么呢？你+看/瞧/+把 Let us turn to the second condition. “ni+kan/qiao/+ba
+名词/代词+动词+得！也就是说在第一种情况下 前面再加上一个主语"你"，我们看 +noun/ pronoun+verb+de!”. This expression is the first sentence above added with “ni”.
第一例，你看把他气得，或者是，你瞧把他气得。 Example one, “na kan ba ta qi de” or “ni qiao ba ta qi de.”
第二例，你看 Example two, “ni kan
把房间弄得！或者，你瞧把房间弄得！这样的说法也是一种常见的口语中的 ba fang jian nong de!” or “ni qiao ba fang jian nong de!”. This type of expression is often used in sentence pattern of “ba”
特殊的"把"字句。 of in oral Chinese.
（3） 就是（S+）把+名词/代词+动词+得 (3) (S+) ba +noun/pronoun+verb+de
加上，有的时候有"哟"。 Sometimes, “you” is added in the end.
我们看一下例子 把他气得，把他气得, Let us see some examples. “ba ta qi de.”
这个前面没有动词，那么这也是一个什么呢？ 口语的一种句式，有时候，把他气得哟！加上"哟"更厉害。
No verbs before “ba ta qi de”. What is it?
It is a pattern of oral Chinese. Sometimes, when the “you” is added, just like this: “ba ta qi de you!”, the tone is stronger.
第二例 把我吓得！把我吓得这个"把我"也是一个 Example two, “ba wo xia de!” The “ba wo” is also a
"把"字句，吓得也是一个，后面没有说完，那么有的时候呢加上一个"哟"，把我吓得哟！ sentence pattern of “ba”. Sometimes, a “you” is added just like “ba wo xia de you!”
第三例，孩子们把房间弄得！这也是一个"把"字句 或者是，把房间弄得哟！这种情况下, Example three, “hai zi men ba fang jian nong de!” This is also a sentence pattern of “ba”. Or the sentence of “ ba fang jian nong de you!”. In this condition,
它们也都是"把"字句，也是合格的"把"字句，那么也就是所谓的 这个口语中的特殊的"把"字句。
They are special sentence pattern of “ba” in oral Chinese.
那么这些句子有什么特殊呢？那么这些句子它的特殊, What are their special points?
特殊在什么呢？它们都带有夸张的 色彩，什么意思呢？就是把这个事情说得很厉害 They all have exaggerated moods. The things they said are exaggerated.
要夸大，一种夸大的说法，所以呢 这就是所谓的特殊之处 ，它们是口语。 So this is the special point. It is used in oral Chinese.
一是口语，特殊表现的口语，另一个是它的意思，有些不一样。 One is that it is a special oral Chinese, the other is that its meaning is a bit of different.
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