So the grDevices package has a few different functions to help, you deal with colors and the ones that I'm going to talk about in this lecture are the colorRamp function and the colorRampPalette function. basically, these two functions do take palettes of colors and interpolate between them. So the, the, the model that you could think of is basically, you know, if a painter has, his palette, and there are of four, two or three blotches of specific colors on that palette. And then what you might do is take your brush, and kind of mix between the various colors of the various per, blotches on that palette, to create new colors that are blends of the original colors that you had on the palette. So I've never done any actually painting, so I just the only thing I know about painting is you know from TV and movies but, that's kind of what I imagine a painter would do is take these primary colors and then blend them together with the brush. And so, that's what the colorRamp and the colorRampPalette functions do, they take a set of colors that make up a palette and they interpolate between them numerically of course to make new colors that are blends of the original colors. Another function that may be of interest to you is the colors function which just, you just executed with no arguments and it gives you a character vector of all the names of the colors that you can use in a plotting function. So these are colors that you can reference by name rather than having to reference their kind of red, green, and blue values that we'll talk about later. So the colorRamp function specifically takes a palette of colors and it returns another function. And this, this function that's returned by colorRamp will take values between 1 and 1 indicating the extremes of the color palette. And so, a similar function that already exists in R is the gray function. And the gray function interpolates between black and white. And so it gives you kind of all the shades of gray there between black and white. The colorRamp function is a generalization because it will take any set of colors in your palette and it will give you a function back that takes numbers between 0 and 1 and it kind of interpolate between the extremes of the color palette. The colorRampPalette is a very similar type of function it takes a palette of colors and what it does it returns another function that rather than taking a value between 0 and 1. It would takes an integer argument and it will return a vector of colors interpolating that palette. So, this is similar to the heat.colors function or the topo.colors function. So, So let's just. A very quick example here. In the top here, I've created I'm going to use a palette that consists of two colors, red and blue. So you can imagine that on your little painter's palette here, you've got a blotch of red and a blotch of blue, and you're going to mix them together in varying degrees to create new colors. So I, when I pass this through colorRamp it returns function back and that function I've called pal, and, and now pal can take numbers between 0 and 1. So when I say pal (0). What do I get back? I get a little matrix here with one row and three columns. And the three columns indicate, are, are, represent the colors red, blue and green. And so in the first column, I've got 255 which is the maximum value that I can have in this, for the, for these colors. The numbers that you specify go between 0 and 255, so there's 256 total numbers that you can specify for each color. And so when pal is when I, when pal (0), it gives the argument 0, basically what it gives me back is red, because that's kind of one end of the color spectrum that I've specified in my palette. The other end being blue, of course. And so I've got the maximum value for red, I've got 0 for green, and I've got 0 for blue. So that color is red. When I say pal (0) down here you see, I've got 0 for red, 0 for green, and then I've got the maximum 255 for blue. So this just gives me the color blue. So that's the other end of my color palette. So what if I do something in between, like pal (0.5)? So this gives me something that, this should give me a color that's kind of in the middle of red and blue. So it's going to give me 127.5 for red, and then 0 for green, then 127.5 for blue. So it's kind of half red, half blue, whatever that color is happens to be. Notice that there's no green in any of these calls because when in interpolate between red and blue, you don't encounter green along the way. So if I were to give a sequence of numbers between 0 and 1s pal would give me a sequence of colors between red and blue. So here I'm giving a sequence between 0 and 1 that's that's, that's a length 10. So it starts at 0 and it ends at 1 and and there's a eight numbers in between. And so when I pass the sequence to pal, you'll see at the very top here, I've got, I start with red, so it's maximum red, and then, 0 for green, 0 for blue. And I slowly reduce the red amount and increase the blue amount, till I get to the bottom here, where I've got all blue and no green and no red. So those are the various colors that you get in between red and blue as you interpolate the palette. So, that's the colorRamp function. The colorRamp palette function is very similar but it just it, the type of function that it returns is slightly different. So here I'm passing it a different palette. So this palette has two blotches, it has a red and a yellow blotch on it and we're going to try and interpolate between those two colors. And so I've got a function here that's returned by colorRampPalette called pal and now pal is going to take integer arguments not numbers between 0 and 1. So, suppose I give it 2, so pal (2) will return two colors that interpolate the palette. Now, because the palette itself only has two colors they will, when I just give a 2 it'll just give me the two colors on the palette so the first being red and the second being yellow. And so, that the way that the format here is slightly different instead of giving a matrix with red, green, and blue values. It gives me a character vector which has numbers for, or, or values for red, green, and blue that are represented in hexadecimal. And so if you ignore the pound symbol there, you'll see there are two digits. There are six digits in, in each character string. The first two represent red, the second two represent green, and the third two represent blue. So you can see for the first number here I've got FF0000. So in hexadecimal F is the largest number you can have. So FF on the red, the red pair means a maximum for red is 00 for green 00 for blue. So that's red. In the second string here, I've got FF for red, FF for green and then 00 for blue. So I've got the maximum on red and maximum on green and I got nothing for blue. So what does that gives me? Well, that gives me yellow and by combining red and green I get yellow. So that's the other end of the spectrum on the palette. So, when now, if I say pal (10), you'll see the first element here is going to be red, because it's FF on red and 0 on everything else. The last element here is going to be yellow, because it's FF on red, FF on green, 0 on the blue. But then in between, I've got my interpolation of colors, so you'll see that there's, there'll be there'll be, there'll be some red, and then there'll be some mix ins, a little bit of green as you go along here. For more, for all the colors there's no blue, because there's, you don't encounter blue when you interpolate between red and yellow. So you can see now the representations of the colors in hexadecimal here changing as you go from red to yellow. [BLANK_AUDIO]
