Learn about diverse and integrated markets for primary energy, and the essential considerations driving business leaders and policy makers in development of global energy resources.
Energy Flows
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Fundamentals of Global Energy Business
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Energy Supplies and Market Allocations
A broad range of primary resources are used to satisfy our need for energy. Accessing these resources depends on many factors, including available technologies and skills, and a number of political factors. We will address these factors as well as issues and trends in energy supply.
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Michael J. OrlandoLecturer
Global Energy Management, Business School
We've seen now that we can make use of a broad range of primary energy resources.
What I want to do in this video,
is think about exactly how those resources are put to use.
We're going to examine how primary sources of energy to flow to serve our demand for
energy and we'll look at both the US but
also around the world as a point of contrast.
And finally, we'll take a quick look at how these resource
utilization patterns are going to evolve into the future.
Our first slide is from the International Energy Agency.
This is a global organization of major energy consuming nations.
And it shows global use of energy in exajoules from primary sources or
our sources of supply through transformational activities to end use.
Now on the left we have these various primary supply sources.
We think about, we have coal, oil,
sort of basic mineral non-renewables.
Natural gas, okay?
Then we have nuclear.
And then we have renewables.
Biomass is one renewable that's broken out separately
from all of the other renewables down here.
Okay? So those are our primary supplies.
These primary sources can be consumed either directly.
They can either flow to end use through directly.
So there's direct consumption.
Or they may be transformed into another energy product or
actually non-energy product but predominantly energy product that is used
by one of these end use sectors.
So they are primarily transformed either into electricity or petroleum products.
That's the way we would think about that.
And then lastly, all of these energy
sources are going to flow to some type of end use by one of,
I would think, about three basic sectors that one being industry,
transportation or residential.
There's also this group down here.
Actually I would think about this one
right here as sort of commercial services,
there may be government consumption in there, things like that.
Now notice globally, roughly a third of energy
is used for industrial production.
And, then there's something like less than a third here, and
transportation and then a quarter for residential use, something like that.
Okay.
It's also interesting to look at the flows.
So let's try to spend a little bit of time with these charts,
I think they're quite informative.
But I think it's interesting to look at the flows from primary
supplies to these end uses.
So, for instance.
Let's think about coal.
What do we notice with coal here?
Well, the bulk of it here is going into power generation,
and other than that, pretty much all coal other than that,
there may be some little threads heading elsewhere, but for the most part
there is direct consumption by industry, so that's where coal is being used.
Or you can take a look at oil.
Oil is almost entirely transformed through this refining sector.
Okay?
Which then naturally flows predominantly very large degree here
into transportation.
Okay?
This other sector I'll talk about in a moment.
This non-energy use, this would be things like lubricants and paints and
products where we're not actually utilizing the energy per se at the end
point, we're using the energy input in order to make some kind of physical good.
But for the most part,
we think about oil flowing through refining to transportation.
Let's see, natural gas is also largely used for
two things we see here almost in equal shares.
One is electrical generation, and
then the other goes to direct consumption and that splits in somewhat
equal shares to either industry or residential use around the world.
Nuclear you'll notice entirely obviously no one has a little nuclear plant.
They're using it directly at home,
it entirely goes on the grid for power production.
And biomass is the other one I think is somewhat interesting in here.
Really winds up being a distinction between the globe and the US.
So if we looked around the world the biomass is going largely,
almost entirely through direct consumption into residential.
Okay, so there are some of the interesting distinctive aspects.
Maybe one more you'll notice that other than biomass these other renewables.
It kind of all flowing up here into electricity production.
Okay, now there are two things I want you to notice before we move away from
this slide.
First are the losses, which we can think about as
the energy that does not do any of the final consumed work we'd like to do,
either in industrial production or in our homes, but instead,
it's the energy consumed getting the energy we want into a form and
into a place that we want to consume it.
Okay, so in this chart,
we basically see lots of losses
in power generation for transmission, and things like that.
And also losses in refining operations.
These amount to a whole lot of energy that's burned up in the process of
transforming these initial primary supplies
into something that we ultimately want to make use of.
The one thing I'll try to point this out in the next slide also because it's one of
those ways in which the Energy Information Administration tabulates, which
is what we'll look at next, tabulates things a little bit differently and
estimates things a little bit differently than the International Energy Agency.
So, what we'll see in the next slide, just jumping ahead here,
is that in addition to these losses.
The US estimates we have actually show losses within each of these sectors.
Okay I just wanna sort of point that out.
Make a mental note of that.
Actually, I think the next slide comes from Lawrence Livermore laboratory.
But the point is that there's gonna be a bit of an apples and
oranges comparison here.
And I just wanna draw your attention to it.
So that's one point that, you know?
The one point being here, at the global level,
our illustration does not show losses within the energy consuming sectors,
just by these transformational sectors.
Okay.
Second, notice that the International Energy Agency also breaks out.
This is something I mentioned earlier.
The IEA breaks out this non-energy use.
This is not something that the US estimates I'm able to obtain/have.
So as I mentioned, these are things like solvents and paints and lubricants.
These are goods that are used by end-use sectors presumably.
These things are being used by commerce, residential, transport, and industry.
But the way that the International Energy Agency chooses to break them out is to not
put them inside of the energy consumption of the four basic end use sectors.
So I just want to draw your attention to that distinction there.
So our next slide really takes a look at the same information essentially.
It may look a bit different but
it's essentially the same type of information but for the US alone here.
This is from Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and
here we have energy flow estimates for the US from primary sources.
To these end uses over here.
Okay?
So we have a lot of the same type of data here I wanna draw your attention to a few
distinctive features of the data we're gonna talk about
here momentarily because I'm actually gonna when I move into the next slide I
wanna sort of make a bit of comparison so I wanna just be completely transparent
about some of the difficulties we're going to have in making that comparison.
So one, of course, is, this is pretty easy to deal with.
You'll first notice that what we have here,
is instead of in exajoules we're in quads or quadrillion BTU's.
I'm going to look in the next slides at percentages of all these numbers anyways
so that's easy to deal with.
Second you'll notice that we have only a single transformational sector.
So the data that we have from the US really is only looking at electricity
generation, that as a transformational sector, it does not have goods.
You notice all this petroleum, is it just going to flow into various and
use sectors?
It's not going through a refining sector, that transformational sector.
So that's something to kinda keep track of maybe.
And at least I had to in order to try to make sense of some of this for you.
And then notice that this image,
as I mentioned before, it provides estimates of losses,
it's called rejected energy here, not just for
the transformational sector, but
also coming out of each of these end use sectors,
so not just the intermediate but also the end use sector.
That's something that the US, recall the International Energy Agency did
not show these loses at the end use sector level.
The other distinction is that it had another transformation sector here.
And another distinction is that is actually had that quote unquote non
energy use sector over here.
This end use of non-energy
use of energy inputs which was like lubricants and things.
Presumably all of that stuff is included in these
other sectors.
Okay, nonetheless, I think there are some interesting things,
assuming away some of the errors that I may be imputing
by trying to accommodate all of those differences in the state.
I think there are some interesting things that we can take away from a comparison.
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