Support: Code for BST's "Insert" Method

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Data Structures and Performance

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University of California San Diego

Data Structures and Performance

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Курс 4 из 4 — Specialization Object Oriented Programming in Java

How do Java programs deal with vast quantities of data? Many of the data structures and algorithms that work with introductory toy examples break when applications process real, large data sets. Efficiency is critical, but how do we achieve it, and how do we even measure it? This is an intermediate Java course. We recommend this course to learners who have previous experience in software development or a background in computer science, and in particular, we recommend that you have taken the first course in this specialization (which also requires some previous experience with Java). In this course, you will use and analyze data structures that are used in industry-level applications, such as linked lists, trees, and hashtables. You will explain how these data structures make programs more efficient and flexible. You will apply asymptotic Big-O analysis to describe the performance of algorithms and evaluate which strategy to use for efficient data retrieval, addition of new data, deletion of elements, and/or memory usage. The program you will build throughout this course allows its user to manage, manipulate and reason about large sets of textual data. This is an intermediate Java course, and we will build on your prior knowledge. This course is designed around the same video series as in our first course in this specialization, including explanations of core content, learner videos, student and engineer testimonials, and support videos -- to better allow you to choose your own path through the course!

Из урока

Trees! (including Binary Search Trees and Tries)

Welcome to week 4! We know you've been working hard. We hope you tried that optional Markov Text Generation programming assignment last week, but if not, no worries. You can always go back and do it later (spoiler alert: it's pretty amazing that such a simple algorithm can produce such realistic text). This week there's more fun (and hard work) as we learn about trees. Trees rely on the same linked structure idea as Linked Lists, only they're MUCH faster (usually...). In the project this week you'll add auto-complete to your text editor. Believe us when we say it's so cool when you get it working! You'll see... and we bet you can't wait for the programming assignment now. :)

Core: Trees3:09

In the Real World: Trees0:34

Core: Defining Trees3:31

Core: Binary Trees5:25

Core: Pre-Order Traversals7:03

Core: Post-Order, In-Order, and Level-Order Traversals (Breadth-first search)8:53

When I struggled: Why traverse a tree?0:50

Core: Introduction to Binary Search Trees5:31

Core: Searching in a BST3:23

Support: Code for BST's "Find" Method7:39

Core: Inserting into a BST4:03

Support: Code for BST's "Insert" Method6:02

Core: Deleting from a BST4:26

Concept Challenge: BST Shape7:08

Познакомьтесь с преподавателями

Christine Alvarado
Associate Teaching Professor
Computer Science and Engineering
Mia Minnes
Assistant Teaching Professor
Computer Science and Engineering
Leo Porter
Assistant Teaching Professor
Computer Science and Engineering

[APPLAUSE] >> All right, so

now you've seen the algorithm for insert and Leo walked you through some examples.

Let's implement it in Java code.

Again, this is going to be similar to code that you're going to write for

this part of your project, but not identical.

But doing this exercise will help you write the code for your project as well.

So, the algorithm for insert is actually pretty similar to the algorithm for find.

And in those examples that Leo walked you through, you saw that essentially what

we're doing here is that we're finding the element that we're trying to insert.

And if it's in the tree, we don't do anything.

But if it's not in the tree, then what we want to do is insert it where we ended

up with our search down through the tree.

Because we're always going to be inserting as a leaf node in the tree.

So one idea that might occur to you is well, we've already written find.

So let's just take that code for find, here it is.

This is the exact same code that we wrote last time.

Just put it there, and then wherever we end up,

wherever curr ends up, we'll just insert our new node there.

We might write a statement like this.

What I want you to do is think about does this work?

Okay, so hopefully you said no, that doesn't work, and here's why.

The key reason why this doesn't work is because of this while loop condition

that we have here.

We're running that loop as long as curr is not equal to null.

Meaning that once that loop stops and breaks out, curr is equal to null.

It's actually fallen all the way off the bottom of that tree, it points to nothing.

Well, that's no good because now when we create a new node,

we end up creating it just off the bottom of the tree.

So we can create it, have curr point to it, but

it's not connected into the tree at all.

So it hasn't successfully been inserted into the binary search tree.

In fact, what we have done here in this statement is we've linked that node's

parent to curr, which was null, and so it's just floating off there in space.

Once curr goes away, it'll go away too.

So that didn't quite work.

The key to this algorithm is, and the implementation is,

we need to stop curr before it falls off the bottom of the tree.

So, in order to do that,

we're gonna need to change the structure of our while loop just a bit.

So here's what we're going to do.

In some cases, like this one here, where curr is pointing to C,

which is a leaf node, it might be pretty straightforward.

If the node curr is pointing to is a leaf,

it has no children at all, then it's easy to tell that we should stop.

But other cases is a little bit more subtle.

So what if curr is pointing to this node, B?

B has one child.

How do we know if curr should stop?

Curr should stop if the node is supposed to be inserted to the left, but

it shouldn't stop if the node is supposed to be inserted to the right.

So we're gonna need to do something a little more clever than just check to

see if the node is a leaf.

And I've alluded to what we're going to do,

which is we need to check the direction we're going to go first,

in order to determine whether we wanna stop or keep going.

So what we're going to do here is we're gonna create a while loop whose condition

checks first which direction curr is trying to go, and

then verifies to see whether that direction it's tried to go is not null.

So, if comp, as we saw before, if comp < 0, curr wants to go left.

And as long as that left child is not null, it can go left, so

the while loop should continue.

If comp > 0, curr wants to go right, and

as long as that right child is not null, it can continue.

So there's our while condition.

Now, inside the loop, our goal is just to walk curr down the tree.

Again, we need to check comp.

If comp < 0, curr goes to the left.

If comp > 0, curr goes to the right.

Now there's one more thing we need to do, which is we need to update comp so

that it's ready to go for the next while loop check.

Now you'll notice that this while loop doesn't handle the case that

comp is actually equal to 0, and we'll talk about that in just a moment.

So, what should we do next?

Well let's consider what might be true when this while loop ends.

So when does this while loop actually break out of its loop?

It breaks out if either of these two conditions is true.

So, either curr is pointing to a node that's about to fall off the end,

so it's ready to insert the new thing that it's trying to insert.

Or, it's found the thing it's trying to insert.

And the code that appears after this while loop just has to distinguish

between those two different conditions and do the right thing as appropriate.

So let's consider this first scenario that we'd be in, that curr points to

the last node that it wants to search for and it's ready to insert the new node.

In that case, again, we just need to figure out,

should we insert it to the left, or should we insert it to the right.

So again we check comp, if comp < 0,

we create a new node, link it in as a left child of curr.

And if comp > 0, we create a new node link it in as the right child of curr.

Finally, if the other scenario is true,

if we didn't break out because we'd found the place to insert, but we broke out of

the while loop because we actually found the element we were trying to insert.

Then we should just simply return false,

indicating that we didn't do anything to the tree.

We didn't insert the value because it was already there.

So that's just about it.

The last thing we have to do is we have to indicate that if we didn't return false,

then we must have successfully inserted that node.

So ultimately, if we ever get to the very end of this method, will return true.

So that's it, it's just slightly more complicated than find.

But you can see it has a little bit of the same flavor

as that find method we wrote last time.

And here's the full code for the insert method.

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