IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting

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Из курса от партнера Google

The Bits and Bytes of Computer Networking

6098 оценок

Google

The Bits and Bytes of Computer Networking

6098 оценок

Курс 2 из 5 — Specialization Google IT Support Professional Certificate

This course is designed to provide a full overview of computer networking. We’ll cover everything from the fundamentals of modern networking technologies and protocols to an overview of the cloud to practical applications and network troubleshooting. We’ll wrap up by covering how this information might show up in a job interview and giving you a few tips for troubleshooting on the spot. By the end of this course, you’ll be able to: ● describe computer networks in terms of a five-layer model. ● understand all of the standard protocols involved with TCP/IP communications. ● grasp powerful network troubleshooting tools and techniques. ● learn network services like DNS and DHCP that help make computer networks run. ● understand cloud computing, everything as a service, and cloud storage.

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Troubleshooting and the Future of Networking

Congratulations, you've made it to the final week in the course! In the last week of this course, we'll explore the future of computer networking. We'll also cover the practical aspects of troubleshooting a network using popular operating systems. By the end of this module, you'll be able to detect and fix a lot of common network connectivity problems using tools available in Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Linux operating systems.

IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting7:01

IPv6 Headers2:52

IPv6 and IPv4 Harmony3:32

Interview Role Play: Networking4:21

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Time for some real talk.

Here's the hard truth, the IANA is out of IP addresses.

When IPv4 was first developed,

a 32-bit number was chosen to represent the address for a node on a network.

The Internet was in its infancy, and

no one really expected it to explode in popularity the way it has.

32 bits were chosen, but it's just not enough space for

the number of Internet-connected devices we have in the world.

IPv6 was developed exactly because of this issue.

By the mid 1990s, it was more and

more obvious that we were going to run out of IPv4 address space at some point.

So a new Internet protocol was developed, Internet Protocol version 6, or IPv6.

You might wonder what happened to version 5 or IPv5.

It's actually a fun bit of trivia.

IPv5 was an experimental protocol that introduced the concept of connections.

It never really saw wide adoption, and

connection state was handled better later on by the transport layer and TCP.

Even though IPv5 is mostly a relic of history, when development of IPv6 started,

the consensus was to not reuse the IPv5 name.

The biggest difference between IPv4 and

IPv6 is the number of bits reserved for an address.

While IPv4 addresses are 32 bits, meaning there can be around 4.2 billion individual

addresses, IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in size.

This size difference is staggering once you do the math.

Don't worry, [LAUGH] we won't make you.

2 to the power of 128 would produce a 39-digit-long number.

That number range has a name you've probably never even heard of,

an undecillion.

An undecillion isn't a number you hear a lot because it's ginormous.

There really aren't things that exist at that scale.

Some guesses on the total number of atoms that make up the entire planet Earth and

every single thing on it get into that number range.

That should tell you we're talking about a very, very large number.

If we can give every atom on Earth its own IP address,

we're probably be okay when it comes to network devices for a very long time.

Just for fun, let's look at what that number actually looks like.

It looks like this.

Whoa, mind blowing, right?

Just like how an IPv4 address is really just a 32-bit binary number,

IPv6 addresses are really just 128-bit binary numbers.

IPv4 addresses are written out in four octets of decimal numbers

just to make them a little more readable for humans.

But trying to do the same for an IPv6 address just wouldn't work.

Instead, IPv6 addresses are usually written out as 8 groups of 16 bits each.

Each one of these groups is further made up of four hexadecimal numbers.

A full IPv6 address might look something like this.

That's still way too long, so

IPv6 has a notation method that lets us break that down even more.

A way to show how many IPv6 addresses there are is by looking at our example IP.

Every single IPv6 address that begins with 2001:0db8 has been reserved for

documentation and education, or for books and courses just like this one.

That's over 18 quintillion addresses,

much larger than the entire IPv4 address space, reserved just for this purpose.

There are two rules when it comes to shortening an IPv6 address.

The first is that you can remove any leading zeros from a group.

The second is that any number of consecutive

groups composed of just zeros can be replaced with two colons.

I should call out that this can only happen once for any specific address.

Otherwise, you couldn't know exactly how many zeros were replaced

by the double colons.

For this IP, we could apply the first rule and

remove all leading zeros from each group.

This would leave us with this.

Once we apply the second rule, which is to replace consecutive sections containing

just zeros with two colons, we'll end up with this.

This still isn't as readable as an IPv4 address, but

it's a good system that helps reduce the length a little bit.

We can see this approach taken to the extreme with IPv6 loopback address.

You might remember that with IPv4, this address is 127.0.0.1.

With IPv6, the loopback address is 31 0s with a 1 at the end,

which can be condensed all the way down to just ::1.

The IPv6 address space has several other reserved address ranges besides just

the one reserved for documentation purposes or the loopback address.

For example, any address that begins with FF00:: is used for

multicast, which is a way of addressing groups of hosts all at once.

It's also good to know that addresses beginning with

FE80:: are used for link-local unicast.

Link-local unicast addresses allow for local network segment communications and

are configured based upon a host's MAC address.

The link-local address are used by an IPv6 host

to receive their network configuration, which is a lot like how DHCP works.

The host's MAC address is run through an algorithm

to turn it from a 48-bit number into a unique 64-bit number.

It's then inserted into the address's host ID.

The IPv6 address space is so huge, there was never any need to think

about splitting it up into address classes like we use to do with IPv4.

From the very beginning,

an IPv6 address had a very simple line between network ID and host ID.

The first 64 bits of any IPv6 address is the network ID, and

the second 64 bits of any IPv6 address is the host ID.

This means that any given IPv6 network has space for over 9 quintillion hosts.

Still, sometimes network engineers might want to split up their network for

administrative purposes.

IPv6 subnetting uses the same CIDR notation that you're

already familiar with.

This is used to define a subnet mask against the network ID portion

of an IPv6 address.

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