5.3. Motor driver

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From the course by Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Building Arduino robots and devices

135 оценки

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Building Arduino robots and devices

135 оценки

For many years now, people have been improving their tools, studying the forces of nature and bringing them under control, using the energy of the nature to operate their machines. Last century is noted for the creation of machines which can operate other machines. Nowadays the creation of devices that interact with the physical world is available to anyone. Our course consists of a series of practical problems on making things that work independently: they make their own decisions, act, move, communicate with each other and people around, and control other devices. We will demonstrate how to assemble such devices and programme them using the Arduino platform as a basis. After this course, you will be able to create devices that read the data about the external world with a variety of sensors, receive and forward this data to a PC, the Internet and mobile devices, and control indexing and the movement. The creation of such devices will involve design, the study of their components, the assemblage of circuit boards, coding and diagnostics. Along with the creation of the devices themselves, you will perform visualization on a PC, create a web page that will demonstrate one of your devices, and figure out how an FDM 3D-printer is configured and how it functions. Besides those keen on robotics or looking to broaden their horizons and develop their skills, the course will also be useful to anyone facing the task of home and industrial automation, as well as to anyone engaged in industrial design, advertising and art. The course does not require any special knowledge from the participants and is open even to students of upper secondary school. Programming skills and the level of English allowing to read technical documentation would be an advantage, but this is not obligatory. The entire course is dedicated to practice, so the best way for you would be to get hold of some electronics, follow the illustrated examples and experiment on your own. The kits can be purchased here: kits.cyberphysica.ru. Taught by: Alexey Perepelkin, head of Robotics department in the Laboratory of innovative educational technologies at MIPT Taught by: Dmitry Savitsky, researcher in the Laboratory of innovative educational technologies at MIPT

From the lesson

Week 5.

Let’s turn one wheel and then two wheels at once, and the robot car will start moving. It’ll be moving along the line or under your control. It could as well be just messing with your hand with which you are trying to control it.

Meet the Instructors

Алексей Перепелкин
Руководитель направления развития цифрового творчества
Центр инновационных образовательных технологий МФТИ
Дмитрий Савицкий
Научный сотрудник
Лаборатория инновационных образовательных технологий МФТИ

As always, when you start working with a new component, it’s better to carefully

read its manual.

Let’s try to find the data sheet of our new electric circuit.

Let’s take this one, for instance,

enlarge it a bit and look at the micro circuit.

Let me remind you that pins are numbered starting from this

notch in the counterclockwise direction.

As you might already know, this micro circuit controls heavy

loads supplied to the motors with a signal from Arduino.

Thus, we need to connect the power supply to this pin.

Let me mark it this way.

We will connect the minus of the power supply to one of the four

ground outputs.

Like this.

Then we need to connect this

output – the logic supply -

to Arduino’s 5V output.

You will obviously need to connect it to Arduino’s ground too.

We then can control the motors,

and our micro circuit allows us to control two motors at once.

You need to connect your motors to these outputs,

marked in this data sheet with letter Y.

These are outputs for one motor,

and these ones are for the other one.

[DRAWING] Finally, we need to connect the control flow.

As we already know, we can control the speed and the direction of

motor rotation.

To control the speed, we use the pins

called “enable”: this one and that one.

We will be regulating the speed, just like we were

regulating LED brightness.

In other words, we need to use those Arduino’s pins which

support impulse ration modulation.

Let me mark this with a squiggle.

[DRAWING] Now I only need to specify the direction of motor rotation.

When you look at the micro circuit, you will understand why

we use two pins here marked with letter A.

They are compatible with any Arduino’s digital pins for

both motors.

By inputting a combination of boolean ones and zeros,

we can change the direction of motor rotation.

Thus, 01 will signify turning in one direction, whereas 10 will mean turning in the opposite direction.

Besides, let’s see what will happen if we input the combination of 11.

With the 00 combination, naturally, nothing will happen.

To sum up, we now know how to connect a motor to a

controller with a motor driver.

Now let’s put this all to practice.

Let’s take the power supply and connect it to the board through the terminal block.

Then with the help of these two wires we connect it to the micro circuit: the red wire

or the plus goes to input 8, while the blue wire or the minus goes to the “ground”.

Then we connect the motor itself.

Both of its outputs are connected to the circuit’s output from one side.

Then we take the controller and connect

it to the 5 V output of the logic supply of the micro circuit.

We take the “ground” and we connect it to L293 ground.

We then connect 3 Iskra’s pins to the micro circuit: the green wire

connects pin 5 to the “enable” pin of this motor, while two other

wires on the controller connect digital pins 3 and 4,

with the “input” of the micro circuit.

Thus, we have connected one motor.

We connect the second one in the same way, following the manual.

Now let’s see how it works.

Let’s see what we have in the test sketch.

Firstly, we have created 3 macrodefinitions for the controlling pins:

we have connected “enable” to pin 5. We also have two inputs on pins 3 and 4.

We have then turned them into outputs.

The main thing is: in order to run the motor,

we need to apply a combination of low and high level voltage on the input, which we will name respectively IN1 and IN2.

In our case, we’ve written HIGH and LOW.

With the help of analogWrite, we have set the speed, and in our

case, this was the maximum speed of 255.

To see the effect, we can use a 2-second delay.

Then we shall change the direction.

Let’s apply the LOW value instead of HIGH on input 1, and on input 2 vice versa – HIGH instead of LOW.

The speed will stay unchanged — 255.

We will use the delay gain to see how this works.

If we want to stop the motors, we should apply low data value or

LOW/LOW on both inputs.

Look here: despite the fact that the speed still stays at its maximum,

the motor nevertheless stops.

To witness this, let me use another delay.

Let’s see how it works.

[NOISE]

[NOISE] Everything works correctly:

the motor rotates for 2 second in one direction, then

for 2 seconds in the opposite direction, and for 2 seconds it doesn’t move.

Now let’s experiment with speed control.

For this, we will have to change our sketch a bit.

The beginning stays the same, because the connection hasn’t changed.

We are sending a combination to the input for rotation in one of the directions.

We shall be increasing the speed in our loop from 0 to the maximum, 255, by a single unit.

Next, with the help of analogWrite, we shall transmit the counter values

to “enable” and use the delay to witness the effect.

Now let’s choose the opposite direction and create

one more cycle, where we will

be reducing the speed from its maximum value to 0 unit by unit,

and let’s see what happens afterwards.

[NOISE]

[NOISE]

[NOISE]

[NOISE] As we expected,

the motor accelerates swiftly,

and then it starts to rotate in the opposite direction lowering its speed gradually.

You might have noticed that it didn’t start rotating at once.

Thing is, low voltage at the beginning is not enough for

the motor to break the force of static friction,

whereas when the motor rotates in the opposite direction,

its speed reduces from the maximum value to 0, and it rotates more slowly.

Don’t forget that a lot of

different factors influence the speed of motor rotation:

for instance, the reduction ratio used with this motor.

Try to bear in mind that with the same speed value that we set,

the motor will behave differently depending on the battery charge level.

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