See then how the infiltration of European concepts into the Muslim world together with the changing social structure and the loss of dominance affected the development of anti-Semitism in this sphere. To these two factors a third factor, which has already been mentioned should be added the emergence of Zionism the Jewish National Movement. Gaining momentum in a time of instability for the Muslim world when anti-semitic beliefs and attitudes were already gaining hold Zionism would have a crucial effect on the further advancement of anti-Semitism in this sphere. As discussed in the second week from the late 19th-century through the early 20th-century the Zionist movement was emerging in Europe bringing with it the early national Jewish immigration waves or aliyot to Palestine. The Arabic populations residing in the region viewed the settling of the newcomers in the area, which at the time was part of the Ottoman Empire, as a threat fueling the New anti-Jewish attitudes that were developing at the time. The sense of instability and imminent threat that was felt in the Islamic world in the 19th and early 20th-centuries was greatly aggravated following the first World War. As mentioned in week two world empires including the Ottoman Empire were broken up after the war and were replaced by nation states in Europe and the Middle East. In Palestine were a British mandate was set up instead of the Ottoman institutions Zionism was gaining legitimacy. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, which we have already mentioned, acknowledged a Jewish right for a Homeland in mandatory Palestine and resulted in great hostility around the Arab world. The power balance in the Middle East was changing. Anti-Zionist in anti-British sentiments were rising and sporadic assaults on Jewish communities and institutions around the country took place as the struggle surrounding the future borders of post mandate Palestine was fought over. As we will now see all of these would have a decisive effect on the content and spread of anti-Semitism in the Arab and Islamic world. >> Anti-Semitism in the Muslim world on the Arab world witnessed significant rise after the first World War. The first World War is a major historical turning point in the history of the Middle East with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire with the completion of European take over from the same countries and with the emergence of a Zionism in the Balfour Declaration. This sense of crisis exacerbate the need to find explanation and a scapegoat and is manifested in the translation of the protocols of the Elders of Zion to Arabic. It is manifested in the anti-semitic ideology of the Muslim Brothers and most importantly is also manifested in a series of pogroms against Jewish communities as a result of anti-Zionism. The first major pogrom is in Baghdad April 1941 following the collapse of the anti-British movement. Right before the British recaptured Baghdad for two days and right before the Passover holiday there was a major pogrom against Jews. Approximately between 150 or 200 Jews were murdered, many hundreds of Jews were injured and the Jewish property was looted. This was very much a manifestation of anti-British feelings, anti-Zionist feeling bad feelings but, Expressed against the local Jewish Community. Then in 1945 there was also a small pogrom against Jews in the city of Tripoli in today's Libya. And in 1948 when the Muslim Brothers try to mobilize support for the fight in Palestine against Zionism at the same time they also carried out a pogrom against the Jews of Cairo because if you fight the Jews in one place, why not fight them in another place as well. And again this Jewish communities in Arab countries who are not necessarily very Zionist at that time were punished because of taught Zionism. In a sense here the Jews were associated, all the Jews whatever their attitudes and whatever their feelings were all associated with Zionism. All the Jews are responsible for whatever any other Jews does which is again a typical anti-semitic phenomenon. >> We can see then that anti-semitic attitudes became widespread after World War I. Particular,
