Six Handshakes

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Из курса от партнера University of California San Diego

Algorithms on Graphs

978 оценки

University of California San Diego

Algorithms on Graphs

978 оценки

Курс 3 из 6 — Specialization Data Structures and Algorithms

If you have ever used a navigation service to find optimal route and estimate time to destination, you've used algorithms on graphs. Graphs arise in various real-world situations as there are road networks, computer networks and, most recently, social networks! If you're looking for the fastest time to get to work, cheapest way to connect set of computers into a network or efficient algorithm to automatically find communities and opinion leaders in Facebook, you're going to work with graphs and algorithms on graphs. In this course, you will first learn what a graph is and what are some of the most important properties. Then you'll learn several ways to traverse graphs and how you can do useful things while traversing the graph in some order. We will then talk about shortest paths algorithms — from the basic ones to those which open door for 1000000 times faster algorithms used in Google Maps and other navigational services. You will use these algorithms if you choose to work on our Fast Shortest Routes industrial capstone project. We will finish with minimum spanning trees which are used to plan road, telephone and computer networks and also find applications in clustering and approximate algorithms.

Из урока

Advanced Shortest Paths Project (Optional)

In this module, you will learn Advanced Shortest Paths algorithms that work in practice 1000s (up to 25000) of times faster than the classical Dijkstra's algorithm on real-world road networks and social networks graphs. You will work on a Programming Project based on these algorithms. You will find the shortest paths on the real maps of parts of US and the shortest paths connecting people in the social networks. We encourage you not only to use the ideas from this module's lectures in your implementations, but also to come up with your own ideas for speeding up the algorithm! We encourage you to compete on the forums to see whose implementation is the fastest one :)

Programming Project: Introduction1:33

Bidirectional Search10:15

Six Handshakes6:49

Bidirectional Dijkstra5:54

Finding Shortest Path after Meeting in the Middle9:01

Computing the Distance2:31

Познакомьтесь с преподавателями

Alexander S. Kulikov
Visiting Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Michael Levin
Lecturer
Computer Science
Daniel M Kane
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering / Department of Mathematics
Neil Rhodes
Adjunct Faculty
Computer Science and Engineering

Hi, in this video we will apply the idea of bidirectional search

to social networks data.

And we will see that it will work exceptionally well,

going up to thousands of times faster.

But first, let's learn an interesting fact about our world.

So in 1929, Hungarian mathematician, Frigyes Karinthy,

made a Small World conjecture, which you probably heard of already.

So the conjecture was that basically when we need to pass a message from

any person on earth to any other person on earth, using

only personal connections in between, we need at most six handshakes to do that.

So that we need only at most five intermediary people to pass a message

from anyone to anyone else on earth.

This is somewhat surprising, but it turned out to be close to truth in

different experiments which people made after that conjecture.

And this is called the six handshakes or six degrees of separation idea.

Now let's look at the most popular social network,

Facebook, given that six handshakes idea.

So suppose an average person on Facebook has around 100 friends.

Then if we consider friends of friends of that person,

it will be 100 times 100 roughly, that's 10,000 friends of friends.

If we consider friends of friends of friends, that will be 100 times more or

1 million.

And if we progress with that, we'll get that at six handshakes,

we will have 1 trillion people.

Well, that's not actually possible,

as there are only roughly 7 billion people on Earth.

So it will be much less than that, but you get the general idea, that

the number of friends grows exponentially when we increase the distance.

So now we want to find the shortest path from Michael to Bob

via friends connections.

So we want to know,

actually how many handshakes do we need to send a message from Michael to Bob.

And if Michael and

Bob turned out to be the two farthest people on the Facebook social network,

then the regular Dijkstra's algorithm would have to look through all

roughly 2 billion people which are on Facebook to find that shortest path.

Now what will happen if we consider bidirectional search?

So we'll only consider friends of friends of friends of Michael and

friends of friends of friends of Bob.

And if we know that the six handshakes conjecture is true, then there will be

a common person among friends of friends of friends of Michael and

friends of friends of friends of Bob.

If we find that person in common, then we'll find the shortest path of friends,

at most, six between Michael and Bob.

And to do that we can create a hash table, for example,

of all the friends of friends of friends of Michael or a sorted list.

And then search the friends of friends of friends of Bob in that hash table or

ordered list, one by one, to find the common person.

And how many people will we actually consider in this case?

We'll have roughly 1 million friends of friends of friends for

both Michael and Bob, so in total, 2 million people.

And this will work in linear time if we use hash tables.

So this will be actually 1,000 times faster than using Dijkstra's algorithm,

at least in the number of friends scanned.

So this is going to work really thousands of times faster on social networks.

And what we've just seen is a particular case of a more general idea called

meet in the middle, and this applies not only to graphs.

So, in general if you need to search for some best object of some kind, for

example, the best shortest path or a best subset of people to create a team,

then instead of searching for all possible objects,

all the possible shortest paths or all possible subsets of people,

we can somehow divide all the possible objects into halves.

For example, when we are searching for shortest paths, we can divide any path

on the first half from the source and the second half to the target.

And when we are talking, for example, about subsets of people,

if we have N people, we can divide any subset of N people into two halves.

First half consists of a subset of the first N of our two people, and

the second half consists of a subset of the second N of our two people.

And then we can search all the variants for

the first half separately, all the variants for the second half separately.

And then we just need to find the compatible halves.

So for example, we again create a hash table or

an or at least of the first halves which are possible.

And then for each particular second half, we try to find

whether there's a compatible first half to it in this hash table.

And this is in general how meet in the middle works.

And typically, instead of searching through all possible big N objects,

this works in time proportional to square root of N,

because only square root of N halves of those objects.

Square root of N of the shortest paths halves and

square root of N for first halves of the subset of people.

So this idea can be applied in many,

many different problems to take a significant speed up.

So in conclusion, we understood that the regular Dijkstra's algorithm

goes in circles of increasing radius around the starting point.

And the bidirectional search idea can reduce the search space.

We can scan less vertices than if we go from one source and grow the circle.

And on the raw networks it works roughly twice faster than the regular

Dijkstra's algorithm.

But if we use this meet in the middle idea on the social networks,

or actually on many other problems,

then it will roughly work as a square root of N instead of big N

if big N is the total number of objects we need to search through.

And in social networks,

it can be thousands times faster than the regular Dijkstra's algorithm.

And you will actually see that in one of the problems of the programming

assignments of this project.

And in the next video, we will actually come

up with a bidirectional version of Dijkstra's algorithm.

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