This week, we're going to be talking about psychological disorders.

We have three videos. The first deals with the nature of

disorders. The second deals with depression and mood

disorders. And the third deals with that serious and

debilitating problem of schizophrenia. Now next week, we'll finish up the course

talking about treatment. What we can do to help resolve some of

the psychological disorders. And what causes psychological disorders?

One of three factors, first there's psychological factors like stress, mood

related problems, and learned helplessness.

Now I'll talk about that in a minute. But there are also biological influences.

Evolution itself has made us adaptive and it effects certain behaviors.

Individual genes have been identified that are important for psychological

disorders. And then, brain structure and brain

chemistry itself will be important to, to look at.

And then there's social cultural influences, we play different roles.

We have different expectations, and there are cultural norms that control what

abnormal behavior is. Abnormal means different from the norm,

and we have to understand the cultural norms to understand the, the abnormal

behavior or psychological disorders. Now, let me just mention something about,

Learned Helplessness, Martin Seligman is the person who developed this.

And, it really is, is an important, con, concept in understanding the

psychological process that controls disorders.

Sometimes we just can't control bad events.

They happen and we don't have control over those.

There's nothing you do to control it. And that leads to learn helplessness.

We just feel like we are helpless in resolving our own problems.

Let me tell you what Seligman did. He actually developed a box like this and

he put the animal in the right side of the box and then he administered small

shocks that would hurt the animal but shocks you certainly didn't want.

And, there was nothing the animals could do to to reduce the shocks.

They just had to deal with it. And then they put em into this box, which

is a, a, a jumping box, where if they simply jumped over the, the divider in

the box, they could get to a part, a point where they would avoid the shocks.

The left side of the box there were no shocks.

The right side they were shocks. So we had two groups, a group that

experienced the uncontrollable shocks for a period of time, and then a group that

just control. First time in the box.

The interesting thing is, is that the animals that experienced the shock, that

they could not control did not learn to avoid the shocks by jumping over the

partition. The control group that hadn't experienced

the uncontrollable shocks, learn quickly to simply avoid the shocks by jumping

over the partition into the left side. In other words, the animals that had

experience the uncontrollable shock had learned to be helpless.

While the animals that hadn't had that experience were able to jump over the

partition and escape and avoid the shocks.

Learned helplessness. And Seligman believed, and this became an

important construct in psychology, that that learned helplessness is one of the

things that sort of controls psychological disorders in so many

people. So we have bad events that we can't

control. Nothing we can do to control them, and so

we learn to be helpless in situations that maybe we could control.

What the, the opposite of this is also important.

That is, that perceived control, if we have, feel like we can control things,

really is important in determining happiness.

So, control, control of the situation is an important construct in happiness, in

self-fulfillment, and in helplessness, if we feel like we can't control it.

Martin Seligman, Learned Helplessness. Now I want to talk about the diagnostic

and statistical manual. In 1994, the American Psychiatric

Association issued the this manual which tells you all of the different categories

of psychological disorders. And so it's really a diagnostic sort of

manual, is what it says. [LAUGH] And the, the, the one was issued

in 1994, almost 20 years ago. It is developed by the American

Psychiatric Association, not the American Psychological Association.

And the interesting thing is, is that this year, on May the, May the 18th, the

DSM-V was released. First new diagnostic manual in 20 years.

And we'll talk about some of the categories that are listed in that

manual. There are over 400 different disorders

that are defined by the DSM, DSM-V, and so it's just, it's become sort of a, the,

the, the way in which we can categorize diagnoses of psychological disorders.

And here is a picture of DSM-V. We just released a few weeks ago.

Now, when you look at OLI, and talking about psychological disorders, and

talking about DSM, and DSM-IV, there were these four axes that were listed.

And you can categorize every disorder on the, on the four, on the excuse me on the

five axes. Why did I say four when there are five?

Well, there are five. [LAUGH] And dealing with the clinical

syndrome, personality disorders, are there physical comorbidities,

social/environment problems that might, the person might have, and the ability to

function in everyday life. The interesting thing is that in DSM-V,

they go away. So, I will not be testing you on the five

axes of clinical disorders because they, they no, they're no longer present in the

DSM, with the one that was just issued a few weeks ago.

Now, what are the changes between DSM-IV and DSM-V?

Well, there are always changes in the categories of disorders that are listed

in the DSM. For example, the autistic disorders were

renamed and reshuffled in childhood disorders in DSM-V.

We'll talk about that today. They added some new disorders, there's

now a binge eating disorder. A binge drinking disorder, excoriation

which is sort of skin picking disorder. And hoarding disorder there's actually a

television show [LAUGH] on just people that hoard.

People that collect things that won't throw anything away.

And there are now specific learning disorders.

Rather than just saying learning disability we have specific ones for oral

language, for reading, for written language and for maths.

So there a category in there of learning disorders.

So there are the, there are the big changes in DSM-5.

So, what are we going to be talking about this week?

We going to talk to you about anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia,

personality disorders and childhood disorders.

All categories or psychological disorders in DSM-V.

Today we're going to talk about anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and

childhood disorders. The next video we'll talk about mood and

the final video we'll talk about schizophrenia.

So let's talk about anxiety disorders. There are several different types that

we're going to discuss. The first is sort of a generalized

anxiety, disorder. It's a free, free floating anxiety.

Sort of always being worried and not really knowing, what it is that you're

worried about. That's the most common, of the anxiety

disorders by far. There are also panic disorders where for

about 20 minutes, the person is in an absolute stage of panic.

The heart is racing. Their breathing is troubled.

and it lasts for about 20 minutes. Sometimes you have to actually, if you're

driving a car, you have to actually stop until this panic disorder goes away.

Fortunately, it does go away. Usually they last from 10 to 20 minutes.

The third is obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder, and this is where the person

has obsessions, constant thoughts about something that's disturbing, and then

also has compulsions. So the repetitive behaviors to do

something. The person has obsessions about germs.

They might have a compulsion of always washing their hands.

And washing your hands is good, we should do it, but doing it 50 times a day

probably is compulsion. So obsessive compulsive disorder,

obsessions constant thoughts about things that are unpleasant and then compulsions

those thoughts lead to repetitive behaviors.

Now there's also post traumatic stress disorder.

This is very common now with people returning back from Afghanistan and Iraq.

this is a, a, a constant stress produced by a trauma like fighting in, in battles.

Or it could be being in a natural disaster like a hurricane, and these,

these disorders, these stress disorders can occur months or even years after the

trauma had occurred. Post traumatic stress disorder.

Then there's dissociative disorder. This is actually the multiple

personalities that were made popular by the movie Cybil with Sally Field in the

movie The Three Faces of Eve with John Woodwork.

The, the people that have different personalities.

that are very different from each other in one personality will be in control

while the others will be repressed. And they will vary go back and forth.

Now this is a controversial disorder. Because there's some controversy about

whether it actually exists or not. It ends up that these disorders occur are

observed only during therapy where somebody, for example, could be

hypnotized and they develop this other personality that comes forward.

So there's some controversy about whether this really exists.

Somebody found out that in a country in Europe, that most associative disorders

were diagnosed by one or two, or three therapists, while most therapists never

experience a dissociative disorder. But it's really the split personality,

dissociative disorder. Then we have phobias.

Phobias are irrational fear of some kind, something.

We all have fears, but if it becomes irrational, then it's called a phobia.

I happened to watch a couple of series of the Monk television program, and of

course, Adrian Monk is absolutely covered with every phobia known.

I put a phobia on here that I probably can't even pronounce,

Paraskavidekatriaphobia, which is actually the fear of Friday the 13th.

Yeah, there's a phobia for Friday the 13th.

If you want to look at phobias there's hundreds of them listed on

phobialist.com. Where you can see, you can look up your

favorite phobia, or the one that you're most bothered about.

There's fear of flying, there's fear of being in tight spaces, clausterphobia.

The fear being in open space, the fear being around people, the fear of bugs,

the fear of snakes, the fear. If, if it bothers your every day

functioning and becomes irrational then it is a anxiety disorder.

By the way, anxiety disorder used to be called neuroses, which were disorders

that were didn't raise themselves to the level of psychiatric disorders.

But now, they're anxiety disorders. Okay.

Now, let's talk about personality disorders.

Remember, they used to be one of those axes that the DSM worried about.

Now, that's a separate category. The reason they were a different axis was

often you could have a personality disorder and the same that you had a a a

psychiatric disorder. But now that believe is that they really

are separate category. They really are just extreme's of normal

traits so if you're an introvert you can have a personality disorder that

introversion takes over you. It, it, it becomes really exaggerated in

controlling your behavior. they're inflexible patterns of behavior.

That's what personality disorders are. they impair the person's functioning,

just like a phobia might. They're not serious psychological

disorders. You're able to function, but they are

something that can be diagnosed and they're difficult to diagnose.

Because it's just, it's just it's an exaggeration on extreme of normal trait

that we would see, that has to be determined.

And like I said DSM-V proposes six personality disorders.

Then we'll list those as the, the new DSM.

I say draft because it was a draft when I made this video.

But now its been released. But the draft is now, this is a draft but

it's finalized. It was finalized last week in my time.

DSM one had 15 different personality disorders.

DSM-2 had 10, DSM-3 had 11, DSM-4 had 10, and then four would drop so the DSM- 5 a

new one only had six. And those are first schizotypal, which

basically deals with odd thoughts, or odd behaviors.

Somebody that has idiosyncratic thoughts, or idiosyncratic behaviors.

Doesn't rise anywhere near schizophrenia but it is something that, that you can

categorize. The second is borderline in which a

person has difficulty in interpersonal behavior.

There are wide mood swings, not that it comes as a mood disorder but it does

characterize this person. The reason borderline.

Personality disorders are important because it's a predictor sometimes of

suicidal thoughts. So it's something that people watch for.

Obsessive compulsive, a person who's a perfectionist, they follow rigid rules.

It doesn't lead to the level of an anxiety disorder, but the, it does

characterize by thought and behavior patterns.

And the fourth is avoidant, which is a strong feeling of social inadequacy, so

you avoid social situations. The fifth is narcissistic, which is

grandiose views of our own importance. they demand attention and are very, very

bothered by criticism. Narcissistic.

And then the last one is antisocial. By behaviors of destructive to the self

and to others and antisocial personality disorders are important.

Because they tend to predict criminal activity.

Okay lets talk a little bit about childhood disorders according to the

DSM-V. First there's the attention deficit and

hyperactivity disorder. Where the child, and this usually occurs

before age seven. The child is easily distracted, they're

difficult. Very difficult for them to complete a

task. Their attention disorder, they just

cannot pay attention for long periods of time.

It's inability to concentrate. It's controversial because it's diagnosed

in so many children. And many people believe that is over

diagnosed that we typically have a child that's very active sort hyper active.

It doesn't mean they have a personality disorder because of the treatments for

ADHD obviously is drugs. And the feelings by someone is it might

be over prescribed. Now, autism spectrum is where a child has

problems communicating, they have impaired social interactions, they do

these repetitive behaviors. And DSM-V has eliminated Asperger's

syndrome and collapsed it into this one diagnosis of autism spectrum.

This is not schizophrenia in children. It's, it's, is repetitive behaviors and

problems communicating with language, called autism spectrum.

Thank you.

Lecture Video 4.1 Psychological Disorders

Introduction to Psychology as a Science 3 – Normal and Abnormal Behavior

Meet the Instructors