This course deals with complex normal and abnormal behavior patterns ad determined by Psychology as a Science. Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind. But all of us have tried to understand and predict behavior throughout our lives, first with our parents, then with our peers and teachers, and finally with our friends and co-workers. The difference is that psychological scientists conduct research that discovers the facts about behavior and our minds, so its principles are based on science and not just on intuition and experience. The course covers personality psychology, social psychology, and abnormal psychology. The content of the course has received approval from "Quality Matters", an organization that evaluates on-line courses. The learning outcomes are: (1) Students will be able to recognize and describe major psychological theories of personality and how personality is measured; (2) Students will understand how behavior and our cognition is shaped by being with other people; and, (4) Students will be able to distinguish between different psychological disorders and be able to describe how they are both diagnosed and treated.
Lecture Video 4.1 Psychological Disorders
Loading...
From the course by Georgia Institute of Technology
Introduction to Psychology as a Science 3 – Normal and Abnormal Behavior
2 оценки
Georgia Institute of Technology
2 оценки
From the lesson
Section 4: Psychological Disorders
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: Just as we can develop physical illnesses, we can also develop mental illnesses. This section of the course describes the different mental disorders.
Meet the Instructors
Dr. Anderson D. SmithRegents’ Professor Emeritus
School of Psychology
This week, we're going to be talking about psychological disorders.
We have three videos. The first deals with the nature of
disorders. The second deals with depression and mood
disorders. And the third deals with that serious and
debilitating problem of schizophrenia. Now next week, we'll finish up the course
talking about treatment. What we can do to help resolve some of
the psychological disorders. And what causes psychological disorders?
One of three factors, first there's psychological factors like stress, mood
related problems, and learned helplessness.
Now I'll talk about that in a minute. But there are also biological influences.
Evolution itself has made us adaptive and it effects certain behaviors.
Individual genes have been identified that are important for psychological
disorders. And then, brain structure and brain
chemistry itself will be important to, to look at.
And then there's social cultural influences, we play different roles.
We have different expectations, and there are cultural norms that control what
abnormal behavior is. Abnormal means different from the norm,
and we have to understand the cultural norms to understand the, the abnormal
behavior or psychological disorders. Now, let me just mention something about,
Learned Helplessness, Martin Seligman is the person who developed this.
And, it really is, is an important, con, concept in understanding the
psychological process that controls disorders.
Sometimes we just can't control bad events.
They happen and we don't have control over those.
There's nothing you do to control it. And that leads to learn helplessness.
We just feel like we are helpless in resolving our own problems.
Let me tell you what Seligman did. He actually developed a box like this and
he put the animal in the right side of the box and then he administered small
shocks that would hurt the animal but shocks you certainly didn't want.
And, there was nothing the animals could do to to reduce the shocks.
They just had to deal with it. And then they put em into this box, which
is a, a, a jumping box, where if they simply jumped over the, the divider in
the box, they could get to a part, a point where they would avoid the shocks.
The left side of the box there were no shocks.
The right side they were shocks. So we had two groups, a group that
experienced the uncontrollable shocks for a period of time, and then a group that
just control. First time in the box.
The interesting thing is, is that the animals that experienced the shock, that
they could not control did not learn to avoid the shocks by jumping over the
partition. The control group that hadn't experienced
the uncontrollable shocks, learn quickly to simply avoid the shocks by jumping
over the partition into the left side. In other words, the animals that had
experience the uncontrollable shock had learned to be helpless.
While the animals that hadn't had that experience were able to jump over the
partition and escape and avoid the shocks.
Learned helplessness. And Seligman believed, and this became an
important construct in psychology, that that learned helplessness is one of the
things that sort of controls psychological disorders in so many
people. So we have bad events that we can't
control. Nothing we can do to control them, and so
we learn to be helpless in situations that maybe we could control.
What the, the opposite of this is also important.
That is, that perceived control, if we have, feel like we can control things,
really is important in determining happiness.
So, control, control of the situation is an important construct in happiness, in
self-fulfillment, and in helplessness, if we feel like we can't control it.
Martin Seligman, Learned Helplessness. Now I want to talk about the diagnostic
and statistical manual. In 1994, the American Psychiatric
Association issued the this manual which tells you all of the different categories
of psychological disorders. And so it's really a diagnostic sort of
manual, is what it says. [LAUGH] And the, the, the one was issued
in 1994, almost 20 years ago. It is developed by the American
Psychiatric Association, not the American Psychological Association.
And the interesting thing is, is that this year, on May the, May the 18th, the
DSM-V was released. First new diagnostic manual in 20 years.
And we'll talk about some of the categories that are listed in that
manual. There are over 400 different disorders
that are defined by the DSM, DSM-V, and so it's just, it's become sort of a, the,
the, the way in which we can categorize diagnoses of psychological disorders.
And here is a picture of DSM-V. We just released a few weeks ago.
Now, when you look at OLI, and talking about psychological disorders, and
talking about DSM, and DSM-IV, there were these four axes that were listed.
And you can categorize every disorder on the, on the four, on the excuse me on the
five axes. Why did I say four when there are five?
Well, there are five. [LAUGH] And dealing with the clinical
syndrome, personality disorders, are there physical comorbidities,
social/environment problems that might, the person might have, and the ability to
function in everyday life. The interesting thing is that in DSM-V,
they go away. So, I will not be testing you on the five
axes of clinical disorders because they, they no, they're no longer present in the
DSM, with the one that was just issued a few weeks ago.
Now, what are the changes between DSM-IV and DSM-V?
Well, there are always changes in the categories of disorders that are listed
in the DSM. For example, the autistic disorders were
renamed and reshuffled in childhood disorders in DSM-V.
We'll talk about that today. They added some new disorders, there's
now a binge eating disorder. A binge drinking disorder, excoriation
which is sort of skin picking disorder. And hoarding disorder there's actually a
television show [LAUGH] on just people that hoard.
People that collect things that won't throw anything away.
And there are now specific learning disorders.
Rather than just saying learning disability we have specific ones for oral
language, for reading, for written language and for maths.
So there a category in there of learning disorders.
So there are the, there are the big changes in DSM-5.
So, what are we going to be talking about this week?
We going to talk to you about anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia,
personality disorders and childhood disorders.
All categories or psychological disorders in DSM-V.
Today we're going to talk about anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and
childhood disorders. The next video we'll talk about mood and
the final video we'll talk about schizophrenia.
So let's talk about anxiety disorders. There are several different types that
we're going to discuss. The first is sort of a generalized
anxiety, disorder. It's a free, free floating anxiety.
Sort of always being worried and not really knowing, what it is that you're
worried about. That's the most common, of the anxiety
disorders by far. There are also panic disorders where for
about 20 minutes, the person is in an absolute stage of panic.
The heart is racing. Their breathing is troubled.
and it lasts for about 20 minutes. Sometimes you have to actually, if you're
driving a car, you have to actually stop until this panic disorder goes away.
Fortunately, it does go away. Usually they last from 10 to 20 minutes.
The third is obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder, and this is where the person
has obsessions, constant thoughts about something that's disturbing, and then
also has compulsions. So the repetitive behaviors to do
something. The person has obsessions about germs.
They might have a compulsion of always washing their hands.
And washing your hands is good, we should do it, but doing it 50 times a day
probably is compulsion. So obsessive compulsive disorder,
obsessions constant thoughts about things that are unpleasant and then compulsions
those thoughts lead to repetitive behaviors.
Now there's also post traumatic stress disorder.
This is very common now with people returning back from Afghanistan and Iraq.
this is a, a, a constant stress produced by a trauma like fighting in, in battles.
Or it could be being in a natural disaster like a hurricane, and these,
these disorders, these stress disorders can occur months or even years after the
trauma had occurred. Post traumatic stress disorder.
Then there's dissociative disorder. This is actually the multiple
personalities that were made popular by the movie Cybil with Sally Field in the
movie The Three Faces of Eve with John Woodwork.
The, the people that have different personalities.
that are very different from each other in one personality will be in control
while the others will be repressed. And they will vary go back and forth.
Now this is a controversial disorder. Because there's some controversy about
whether it actually exists or not. It ends up that these disorders occur are
observed only during therapy where somebody, for example, could be
hypnotized and they develop this other personality that comes forward.
So there's some controversy about whether this really exists.
Somebody found out that in a country in Europe, that most associative disorders
were diagnosed by one or two, or three therapists, while most therapists never
experience a dissociative disorder. But it's really the split personality,
dissociative disorder. Then we have phobias.
Phobias are irrational fear of some kind, something.
We all have fears, but if it becomes irrational, then it's called a phobia.
I happened to watch a couple of series of the Monk television program, and of
course, Adrian Monk is absolutely covered with every phobia known.
I put a phobia on here that I probably can't even pronounce,
Paraskavidekatriaphobia, which is actually the fear of Friday the 13th.
Yeah, there's a phobia for Friday the 13th.
If you want to look at phobias there's hundreds of them listed on
phobialist.com. Where you can see, you can look up your
favorite phobia, or the one that you're most bothered about.
There's fear of flying, there's fear of being in tight spaces, clausterphobia.
The fear being in open space, the fear being around people, the fear of bugs,
the fear of snakes, the fear. If, if it bothers your every day
functioning and becomes irrational then it is a anxiety disorder.
By the way, anxiety disorder used to be called neuroses, which were disorders
that were didn't raise themselves to the level of psychiatric disorders.
But now, they're anxiety disorders. Okay.
Now, let's talk about personality disorders.
Remember, they used to be one of those axes that the DSM worried about.
Now, that's a separate category. The reason they were a different axis was
often you could have a personality disorder and the same that you had a a a
psychiatric disorder. But now that believe is that they really
are separate category. They really are just extreme's of normal
traits so if you're an introvert you can have a personality disorder that
introversion takes over you. It, it, it becomes really exaggerated in
controlling your behavior. they're inflexible patterns of behavior.
That's what personality disorders are. they impair the person's functioning,
just like a phobia might. They're not serious psychological
disorders. You're able to function, but they are
something that can be diagnosed and they're difficult to diagnose.
Because it's just, it's just it's an exaggeration on extreme of normal trait
that we would see, that has to be determined.
And like I said DSM-V proposes six personality disorders.
Then we'll list those as the, the new DSM.
I say draft because it was a draft when I made this video.
But now its been released. But the draft is now, this is a draft but
it's finalized. It was finalized last week in my time.
DSM one had 15 different personality disorders.
DSM-2 had 10, DSM-3 had 11, DSM-4 had 10, and then four would drop so the DSM- 5 a
new one only had six. And those are first schizotypal, which
basically deals with odd thoughts, or odd behaviors.
Somebody that has idiosyncratic thoughts, or idiosyncratic behaviors.
Doesn't rise anywhere near schizophrenia but it is something that, that you can
categorize. The second is borderline in which a
person has difficulty in interpersonal behavior.
There are wide mood swings, not that it comes as a mood disorder but it does
characterize this person. The reason borderline.
Personality disorders are important because it's a predictor sometimes of
suicidal thoughts. So it's something that people watch for.
Obsessive compulsive, a person who's a perfectionist, they follow rigid rules.
It doesn't lead to the level of an anxiety disorder, but the, it does
characterize by thought and behavior patterns.
And the fourth is avoidant, which is a strong feeling of social inadequacy, so
you avoid social situations. The fifth is narcissistic, which is
grandiose views of our own importance. they demand attention and are very, very
bothered by criticism. Narcissistic.
And then the last one is antisocial. By behaviors of destructive to the self
and to others and antisocial personality disorders are important.
Because they tend to predict criminal activity.
Okay lets talk a little bit about childhood disorders according to the
DSM-V. First there's the attention deficit and
hyperactivity disorder. Where the child, and this usually occurs
before age seven. The child is easily distracted, they're
difficult. Very difficult for them to complete a
task. Their attention disorder, they just
cannot pay attention for long periods of time.
It's inability to concentrate. It's controversial because it's diagnosed
in so many children. And many people believe that is over
diagnosed that we typically have a child that's very active sort hyper active.
It doesn't mean they have a personality disorder because of the treatments for
ADHD obviously is drugs. And the feelings by someone is it might
be over prescribed. Now, autism spectrum is where a child has
problems communicating, they have impaired social interactions, they do
these repetitive behaviors. And DSM-V has eliminated Asperger's
syndrome and collapsed it into this one diagnosis of autism spectrum.
This is not schizophrenia in children. It's, it's, is repetitive behaviors and
problems communicating with language, called autism spectrum.
Thank you.
Ознакомьтесь с нашим каталогом
Присоединяйтесь бесплатно и получайте персонализированные рекомендации, обновления и предложения.
Coursera делает лучшее в мире образование доступным каждому, предлагая онлайн-курсы от ведущих университетов и организаций.
© Coursera Inc., 2018 Все права защищены.
